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Wastewater treatment --- Activated sludge --- Pollutant load --- Measurement --- biomass --- Decanters --- Modele mc carty --- Floculation artificielle --- Modele mc carty --- Floculation artificielle

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This paper analyzes expenditure composition and economic development in Benin. It addresses some specific issues on the basis of a stylized model of the Beninese economy that highlights the tradeoff between expenditure on wages and investment. The model takes into account specific characteristics of the Beninese economy, including the large share of agriculture in employment and GDP, the large number of urban unemployed engaged in precarious informal sector activities, and the strong influence of labor unions in the formal labor market concentrated in the urban areas.

Labor --- Public Finance --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Demand --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Civil service & public sector --- Labor supply --- Labor demand --- Public investment spending --- Civil service --- Expenditure --- Labor market --- Public investments --- Expenditures, Public --- Benin --- Income economics

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This paper addresses a number of issues regarding petroleum product pricing in Western Africaemphasizing international spillovers. We use panel unit root rests and long-run modeling based on vector error correction models to assess links and convergence in petroleum product prices across countries. Our results indicate that in general over the long-run there is convergence in prices across the countries. The estimation results for gasoline and diesel prices suggest the presence of long-run links between retail prices among the different country groupings with long-run multipliers ranging from 11 to -6.66. The speed of Adjustment to equilibrium varies significantly according to the countrygroupings considered. In contrast, the econometric results for kerosene prices not only indicate a weaker link between prices across countries, but also a much slower adjustment to equilibrium. Inlight of these important spillovers, the need to better coordinate pricing s and tax policies towards petroleum products at the regional level becomes apparent.

Petroleum products --- Mazut --- Petroleum --- Hydraulic fluids --- Prices --- Econometric models. --- Refining --- Investments: Energy --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Economic Development: General --- Economywide Country Studies: Africa --- International Policy Coordination and Transmission --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Energy: General --- Investment & securities --- Oil prices --- Fuel prices --- Oil --- Price controls --- Commodities --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Government policy --- Togo