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This book systematically discusses the vegetation dynamics in northern China since the LGM, with a focus on three dominant tree species (Pinus, Quercus and Betula). By integrating methods of palaeoecology, phylogeography and species distribution model, it reconstructs the glacial refugia in northern China, demonstrating that the species were located further north than previously assumed during the LGM. The postglacial dynamics of forest distribution included not only long-distance north-south migration but also local spread from LGM micro-refugia in northern China. On the regional scale, the book shows the altitudinal migration pattern of the three dominant tree genera and the role of topographical factors in the migration of the forest-steppe border. On the catchment scale, it analyzes Huangqihai Lake, located in the forest-steppe ecotone in northern China, to indentify the local forest dynamics response to the Holocene climatic change. It shows that local forests have various modes of response to the climate drying, including shrubland expansion, savannification and replacement of steppe. In brief, these studies at different space-time scales illustrate the effects of climate, topography and other factors on forest migration.

Forest dynamics --- Forest ecology --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Dynamics, Forest --- Vegetation dynamics --- Plant Ecology. --- Ecology. --- Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography. --- Terrestial Ecology. --- Environmental Geography. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Botany --- Plants --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology --- Plant ecology.

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The book examines the rights of defendants in infringement procedures and those of the notifying parties in merger proceedings before the European Commission and the Chinese competition authorities. The initial chapters offer a general introduction to EU and Chinese competition law respectively, paying particular attention to the substantive rules of competition law. Subsequent chapters present an overview of the procedural rights of the notifying parties in merger cases in both legal systems surveyed, address the procedural rights of defendants in infringement cases, and provide an international perspective on differences in the notification and enforcement procedures between legal systems. The final chapter draws comparative conclusions and includes a number of suggestions for improvement.

Law. --- Private international law. --- Conflict of laws. --- International law. --- Comparative law. --- Human rights. --- Trade. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law. --- European Law. --- Human Rights. --- International Economic Law, Trade Law. --- Antitrust law (International law) --- Competition, Unfair. --- Competition --- Competition, Unfair --- Competition law --- Fair trade --- Unfair competition --- Unfair trade practices --- Law and legislation --- Commercial crimes --- Commercial law --- Industrial property --- Torts --- Advertising laws --- International law --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law . --- Law—Europe. --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Human rights --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Legal polycentricity --- Civil law