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This paper assesses the additional spending required to make substantial progress towards achieving the SDGs in Pakistan. We focus on critical areas of human (education and health) and physical (electricity, roads, and water and sanitation) capital. For each sector, we document the progress to date, assess where Pakistan stands relative to its peers, highlight key challenges, and estimate the additional spending required to make substantial progress. The estimates for the additional spending are derived using the IMF SDG costing methodology. We find that to achieve the SDGs in these sectors would require additional annual spending of about 16 percent of GDP in 2030 from the public and private sectors combined.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- International Economics --- Sustainable Development --- Infrastructure --- Demography --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Education: General --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Health: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Education --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Health economics --- Population & demography --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Development --- Health --- Population and demographics --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sustainable development --- Saving and investment --- Population --- Pakistan

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Achieving fiscal consolidation without undermining growth and poverty-reduction efforts is a key policy challenge in many countries. Using India as an illustration, this paper shows how a mix of well-designed taxation and spending policies can help address these challenges. On the tax side, the analysis focuses on increasing consumption taxes on goods with negative consumption externalities. On the spending side, some of the additional revenues from the tax reform are allocated to scaling up key social transfer programs. Substantial additional gains are possible if the increased social transfers can be accompanied by improved targeting.

Fiscal policy --- Debts, Public --- Spendings tax --- Consumption tax --- Expenditure tax --- Taxation of consumption --- Taxation of expenditures --- Taxation of spendings --- Sales tax --- Taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Distribution: General --- Welfare Economics: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Labor Economics: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Income --- Consumption --- Estate tax --- Labor --- Income distribution --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Economics --- Inheritance and transfer tax --- Labor economics --- India

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Foundational digital public infrastructure (DPI), consisting of unique digital identification, payments system and data exchange layer has the potential to support the transformation of the economy and support inclusive growth. India’s foundational DPI, called India Stack, has been harnessed to foster innovation and competition, expand markets, close gaps in financial inclusion, boost government revenue collection and improve public expenditure efficiency. India’s journey in developing a world-class DPI highlights powerful lessons for other countries embarking on their own digital transformation, in particular a design approach that focuses on shared building blocks and supporting innovation across the ecosystem.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Public Goods --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Foundational digital public infrastructure (DPI), consisting of unique digital identification, payments system and data exchange layer has the potential to support the transformation of the economy and support inclusive growth. India’s foundational DPI, called India Stack, has been harnessed to foster innovation and competition, expand markets, close gaps in financial inclusion, boost government revenue collection and improve public expenditure efficiency. India’s journey in developing a world-class DPI highlights powerful lessons for other countries embarking on their own digital transformation, in particular a design approach that focuses on shared building blocks and supporting innovation across the ecosystem.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Public Goods --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics