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Annotation Over the last decade, various nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted tremendous attention with the incredible development in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Some NMs are explored increasingly for biomedical applications, including drug delivery carriers, imaging probes, antimicrobial agents, biosensors, and tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the in vitro and in vivo toxicities of NMs related to oxidative stress are the main obstacles to use them in biomedical fields. One of the most promising strategies to address these obstacles is functionalizing NMs with biocompatible molecules or materials. In this Special Issue, we are especially interested in manuscripts that advance the understanding of the interaction of NMs with cells, such as cellular responses to NMs, intracellular behaviors of NMs, therapeutic and imaging potentials of NMs, as well as the functionalization of NMs through coating, patterning and hybridization with other biomolecules for multifaceted biomedical applications.

Celiac disease.

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Biomedical materials. --- Bioartificial materials --- Biocompatible materials --- Biomaterials (Biomedical materials) --- Hemocompatible materials --- Medical materials --- Medicine --- Biomedical engineering --- Materials --- Biocompatibility --- Prosthesis

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A virus is considered a nanoscale organic material that can infect and replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms, ranging from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. The structure of viruses consists of two main parts: the genetic material from either DNA or RNA that carries genetic information, and a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material. By inserting the gene encoding functional proteins into the viral genome, the functional proteins can be genetically displayed on the protein coat to form bioengineered viruses. Therefore, viruses can be considered biological nanoparticles with genetically tunable surface chemistry and can serve as models for developing virus-like nanoparticles and even nanostructures. Via this process of viral display, bioengineered viruses can be mass-produced with lower cost and potentially used for energy and biomedical applications. This book highlights the recent developments and future directions of virus-based nanomaterials and nanostructures. The virus-based biomimetic materials formulated using innovative ideas were characterized for the applications of biosensors and nanocarriers. The research contributions and trends on virus-based materials covering energy harvesting devices to tissue regeneration in the last two decades are discussed.

History of engineering & technology --- virus-like particles --- glioblastoma --- convection-enhanced delivery --- tobacco mosaic virus --- bioconjugation --- doxorubicin --- drug delivery --- protein-based nanomaterials --- viral capsid --- VLPs --- hepatitis B virus capsid protein --- HBc --- viral self-assembly --- magnetic core --- HBcAg --- BmNPV bacmid --- nanobiomaterials --- Neospora caninum --- Neospora caninum profilin --- neosporosis --- silkworm expression system --- ZnS --- bio/inorganic hybrid materials --- hydrophobization --- polymer coupling --- virus --- tissue regeneration --- biomimetic nanocomposites --- phage display --- nano-vaccines --- HIV-1 Env trimers --- B-cell targeting --- intrastructural help --- VNPs --- Hsp60 --- IBD --- autoantibody --- inflammation --- diagnosis --- biosensor --- M13 bacteriophage --- color sensor --- energy generator --- piezoelectric --- self-assembly --- genetic engineering --- multi-array sensors --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- high selectivity --- piezoelectric materials --- organic materials --- biomaterials --- energy applications --- biomedical applications --- virus-based nanomaterials --- energy devices --- piezoelectric biomaterials

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Due to properties differing from those of larger materials, nanomaterials have been extensively used in different areas including nanomedicine, drug delivery, theragnosis, and bioimaging in recent years. Evaluating the toxicity profile (i.e., biocompatibility) of nanomaterials and their impact on health is essential to support the potential biomedical applications. This book deals with the two faces of nanomaterials, toxicity and bioactivity, hoping to aid with their development for clinical applications, reducing the possible risks associated with their use.

black phosphorus --- 2D nanomaterial --- cytotoxicity --- biomedical application --- multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles --- chlorin e6 --- folic acid --- in vivo penetration depth --- cancer cell targeting --- cell cycle --- nanoparticle location --- surface biocompatibility --- microtubule --- proteomics --- graphene --- h-BN --- nanostructured coatings --- biofilms --- E. cloacae --- carbon nanomaterials --- unique properties --- biomedical applications --- in vitro toxicity --- in vivo toxicity --- ZnO nanostructures --- toxicity --- biocompatibility --- physicochemical properties --- cells viability assays --- in vivo experiments --- fullerene derivatives --- drug-like descriptors --- binding activity --- cheminformatics --- neural networks modelling --- hydrogenation --- pharmacology --- toxicology