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Education, the production of knowledge, identity formation, and ideological hegemony are inextricably linked in early modern and modern Korea. This study examines the production and consumption of knowledge by a multitude of actors and across languages, texts, and disciplines to analyze the formulation, contestation, and negotiation of knowledge. The production and dissemination of knowledge become sites for contestation and struggle—sometimes overlapping, at other times competing—resulting in a shift from a focus on state power and its control over knowledge and discourse to an analysis of local processes of knowledge production and the roles local actors play in them. Contributors are Daniel Pieper, W. Scott Wells, Yong-Jin Hahn, Furukawa Noriko, Lim Sang Seok, Kokubu Mari, Mark Caprio, Deborah Solomon, and Yoonmi Lee.

Education --- Language and education --- History --- Western influences.  --- Korea --- Western influences. .

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Engelse letterkunde --- Letterkunde --- Littérature --- Littérature anglaise --- 82 (Hall, A. 7.03 = 393)

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According to the Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey, in 2016 about 46 percent of all children less than five years old are stunted, 24 percent are wasted, and 40 percent are anemic. Rural children are more at risk of being malnourished than urban children; boys are at greater risk than girls of being malnourished in their first two years of life; and thin mothers are at risk of having wasted or thin children. Only children of mothers in the richest wealth group and with the highest level of education are at lower risk of being stunted, but the differences are not large. Breastfeeding practices are better in poor and less well-educated women than among the wealthiest and best-educated women. The diversity of the complementary diet of children was generally poor. The coverage of vaccinations in Timor-Leste is generally low. The majority of households drink safe water, but children in poor households that use unprotected water sources are at greater risk of being stunted. The short stature of mothers may take a generation or more to eliminate. Delaying marriage and pregnancy until the age of 20 years, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), could be an important intervention. Interventions during pregnancy for thin, small women may help prevent low-birthweight babies and malnutrition early in childhood.

Child Health --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Malnutrition --- Maternal Health --- Nutrition --- Stunting --- Wasting

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We link future members of Congress to the de-anonymized 1940 census to offer a uniquely detailed analysis of how economically unrepresentative American politicians were in the 20th century, and why. Future members under the age of 18 in 1940 grew up in households with parents who earned more than twice as much as the population average and who were more than 6 times as likely as the general population to hold college degrees. However, compared to siblings who did not become politicians, future members of Congress between the ages of 18 and 40 in 1940 were higher-earners and more educated, indicating that socioeconomic background alone does not explain the differences between politicians and non-politicians. Examining a smaller sample of candidates that includes non-winners, we find that the candidate pool is much higher-earning and more educated than the general population. At the same time, among the candidate pool, elections advantage candidates with higher earnings ability and education. We conclude that barriers to entry likely deter a more economically representative candidate pool, but that electoral advantages for more-educated individuals with more private-sector success also play an important role.

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