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A common dilemma facing governments around the world is how to meet the sizeable fiscal costs of providing and maintaining infrastructure networks. Over the past decade, developed and developing countries have looked to fiscal rules, budgetary reforms, tax policy and administration measures, public-private partnerships and other innovative financial instruments to raise additional finance for infrastructure investment. This paper looks at the range of options for raising the financing to meet Tanzania's infrastructure needs. It begins with a brief survey of the evidence on the relationship between infrastructure, public investment, and economic growth, and then goes on to consider the case for additional infrastructure investment in Tanzania. The second part of the paper looks at five broad options for mobilizing additional resources to meet Tanzania's infrastructure needs: (i) direct private investment and PPPs, (ii) expenditure reprioritization and efficiency, (iii) domestic revenue mobilization, (iv) external grants and concessional financing, and (v) sovereign borrowing on domestic or international credit markets. The paper concludes with some general recommendations on what combination of the above approaches might be suitable for Tanzania.
Infrastructure (Economics) --- Fiscal policy --- Tanzania --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions. --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Government policy --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Infrastructure --- Public Finance --- Investment --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Public debt --- Public investment spending --- Expenditure --- Saving and investment --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Debts, Public --- Public investments --- Expenditures, Public --- Tanzania, United Republic of
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This paper studies the cyclical behavior of public spending on health and education in 150 countries during 1987 - 2007. It finds that spending on education and health is procyclical in developing countries and acyclical in developed countries. In addition, education and health expenditures follow an asymmetric pattern in developing countries; they are procyclical during periods of positive output gap and acyclical during periods of negative output gap. Furthermore, the degree of cyclicality is higher the lower the level of economic development.
Public Finance --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Fiscal Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Health, Education, and Welfare: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Public finance & taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Education spending --- Expenditure --- Health care spending --- Total expenditures --- Fiscal policy --- Expenditures, Public --- Social service --- Business cycles. --- Finance.
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This volume documents Tanzania’s remarkable turnaround from severe economic distress in 1985, and reviews the economic policies that twenty years later contributed to a successful reversal. Tanzania still faces many policy and reform challenges, despite the many recent economic achievements the country has experienced.
Finance, Public --- Monetary policy --- Economic assistance --- Tanzania --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy. --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Monetary management --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Public finances --- Currency question --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Foreign Aid --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Trade balance --- Foreign aid --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Expenditure --- International trade --- Balance of trade --- International relief --- Expenditures, Public --- Tanzania, United Republic of
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