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Aramaic is a constant thread running through the various civilizations of the Near East, ancient and modern, from 1000 BCE to the present, and has been the language of small principalities, world empires, and a fair share of the Jewish-Christian tradition. Holger Gzella describes its cultural and linguistic history as a continuous evolution from its beginnings to the advent of Islam. For the first time the individual phases of the language, their socio-historical underpinnings, and the textual sources are discussed comprehensively in light of the latest linguistic and historical research and with ample attention to scribal traditions, multilingualism, and language as a marker of cultural self-awareness. Many new observations on Aramaic are thereby integrated into a coherent historical framework.

Aramaic language --- Araméen (Langue) --- Social aspects --- History. --- Aspect social --- Histoire --- Middle East --- Moyen-Orient --- History --- Civilization --- Civilisation --- 22.02*2 --- Bijbelse filologie: aramees --- Araméen (langue) --- Aspect social. --- Histoire. --- Social aspects. --- 22.02*2 Bijbelse filologie: aramees --- Araméen (Langue) --- Aramean language --- Biblical Aramaic language --- Chaldaic language --- Chaldean language (Aramaic) --- Chaldee language --- Semitic languages, Northwest --- Syriac language --- Aramaic language - Social aspects --- Aramaic language - History --- Middle East - History --- Aramaic language: social aspects. --- Aramaic language: history. --- Middle East: history.

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Eschatology --- Human beings --- Biblical teaching. --- 223.3 --- 221.08 --- 236 --- Psalmen --- Oud Testament: bijbelse theologie --- Eschatologie. De novissimis --- 221.08 Oud Testament: bijbelse theologie --- Homo sapiens --- Human race --- Humanity (Human beings) --- Humankind --- Humans --- Man --- Mankind --- People --- Hominids --- Persons --- Biblical teaching --- Bible. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Eschatology - Biblical teaching. --- Human beings - Biblical teaching.

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The breakthrough of the alphabetic script early in the first millennium BCE coincides with the appearance of several new languages and civilizations in ancient Syria-Palestine. Together, they form the cultural setting in which ancient Israel, the Hebrew Bible, and, transformed by Hellenism, the New Testament took shape. This book contains concise yet thorough and lucid overviews of ancient Near Eastern languages united by alphabetic writing and illuminates their interaction during the first 1000 years of their attestation. All chapters are informed by the most recent scholarship, contain fresh insights, provide numerous examples from the most pertinent sources, and share a clear historical framework that makes it easier to trace processes of contact and convergence in this highly diversified speech area. They also address non-specialists. The following topics are discussed: Alphabetic writing (A. Millard), Ugaritic (A. Gianto), Phoenician and Hebrew (H. Gzella), Transjordanian languages (K. Beyer), Old and Imperial Aramaic (M. Folmer), Epigraphic South Arabian (R. Hasselbach), Old Persian (M. de Vaan/A. Lubotsky), Greek (A. Willi).

Near Eastern philology --- Near Eastern literature --- Middle Eastern philology. --- Semitic philology. --- Middle Eastern literature --- Oriental philology --- Middle Eastern philology --- Relation to the Old Testament. --- Relation to the New Testament. --- Bible. --- Ba-yon Tipan --- Bagong Tipan --- Jaji ma Hungi --- Kainē Diathēkē --- New Testament --- Nouveau Testament --- Novo Testamento --- Novum Testamentum --- Novyĭ Zavet --- Novyĭ Zavi︠e︡t Gospoda nashego Īisusa Khrista --- Novyĭ Zavit --- Nuevo Testamento --- Nuovo Testamento --- Nye Testamente --- Perjanjian Baru --- Dhamma sacʻ kyamʻʺ --- Injīl --- Antico Testamento --- Hebrew Bible --- Hebrew Scriptures --- Kitve-ḳodesh --- Miḳra --- Old Testament --- Palaia Diathēkē --- Pentateuch, Prophets, and Hagiographa --- Sean-Tiomna --- Stary Testament --- Tanakh --- Tawrāt --- Torah, Neviʼim, Ketuvim --- Torah, Neviʼim u-Khetuvim --- Velho Testamento --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Middle East --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- Languages --- Grammar, Comparative. --- Bible --- Alphabet. --- Ancient Near East. --- Hebrew Bible. --- Indo-European Languages. --- Semitic Languages.

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