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This open access book documents the use of radiogenic and stable isotopes to study mineral deposits from a global to the deposit scale. It includes data-sets that have been directly used in mineral exploration. Isotopic data have been key to developing models for the origin of many mineral deposit types. The book has four sections: (1) the use of radiogenic isotopes to date mineral deposits, (2) the use of radiogenic isotope mapping to understand metal sources and regional- to district-scale controls on metallogenesis, (3) the use of light stable isotopes to determine fluid and sulfur sources, and (4) the use of metallic stable isotopes to understand the sources of ore metals. Each section includes chapters on specific isotopic systems and/or mineral systems that provide information on theory, analytical methods, uses in deposit and metallogenic studies, examples, and traps for young players.

Geochemistry. --- Mineralogy. --- Petrology. --- Geotechnical engineering. --- Geotechnical Engineering and Applied Earth Sciences. --- Engineering, Geotechnical --- Geotechnics --- Geotechnology --- Engineering geology --- Lithology --- Petrography --- Physical geology --- Rocks --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences

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This is the first book that analyses the future raw materials supply from the demand side of a society that chiefly relies on renewable energies, which is of great significance for us all. It addresses primary and secondary resources and substitution, not only from technical but also socioeconomic and ethical points of view. The “Energiewende” (Energy Transition) will change our consumption of natural resources significantly. When in future our energy requirements will be covered mostly by wind, solar power and biomass, we will need less coal, oil and natural gas. However, the consumption of minerals, especially metallic resources, will increase to build wind generators, solar panels or energy storage facilities. Besides e.g. copper, nickel or cobalt, rare earth elements and other high-tech elements will be increasingly used. With regard to primary metals, Germany is 100 % import dependent; only secondary material is produced within Germany. Though sufficient geological primary resources exist worldwide, their availability on the market is crucial. The future supply of the market is dependent on the development of prices, the transparency of the market and the question of social and ethical standards in the raw materials industry, as well as the social license to operate, which especially applies to mining. The book offers a valuable resource for everyone interested in the future raw material supply of our way of life, which will involve more and more renewable energies.

Power resources. --- Geology, economic. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Materials science. --- Force and energy. --- Economic Geology. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Energy Materials. --- Biogeosciences. --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Economic geology --- Physical geology --- Mines and mineral resources --- Conservation of energy --- Correlation of forces --- Energy --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Economic geology. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Geobiology. --- Biology --- Earth sciences --- Biosphere

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The Chelopech gold-copper mine is located in west-central Bulgaria on the southern flank of the Balkan Range at Chelopech village. It can be classified as a “gold-enargite high-sulphidation epithermal mineralizing system”. The objective of this work was to study the possibilities to improve the performance of the Cu Selective Flotation stage in terms of grade and recovery through re-grinding the Bulk Concentrate. An average P80 = 37.6 ± 7.8 µm for the re-ground Bulk Concentrate has proved to enhance the kinetics (Km) and selectivity (S.I) of the valuable copper bearing minerals against gangue. However, the re-grinding process poses some challenges in terms of recovery. Changing the pH and conditioning time with lime before the Cu selective flotation stage proved to have effects in the grade and selectivity of the Cu concentrates, but little improvements in terms of recovery. The increment in Cu recovery using higher collector (PAX) dosage demonstrated that part of the difficulties in improving the recovery can be related to the higher specific surface of the re-ground particles, partial removal of the collector from the surfaces by attrition during the re-grinding process or even partial decomposition of the collector due to the strong mechanical forces. Preliminary tests with alternative collector regime (AEROFLOAT® 238 Promoter and AERO® MX-5148 Promoter) added to the standard PAX dosages, showed some little or none improvements in terms of grade and recovery; and when they did; the improvements were proportionally lower than the improvements achieved with similar amounts of additional PAX. Preliminary tests for splitting the re-ground Bulk Concentrate through hydrocycloning in a fine fraction (< 20 µm) and a coarse fraction (> 20 µm) and then floating them separately showed some improvements in terms of recovery, even when the splitting process efficiency was low. Those tests were performed with standard collector (PAX) dosage; and therefore, further tests should be envisaged to prove the efficiency of this alternative flowsheet in conjunction with a higher collector regime.

Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Géologie, ingénierie du pétrole & des mines

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The move towards technological advancements underscores the need to expand exploration of raw materials. Consequently, a high investment is required for a reliable, quality-assured, and cost-effective mineral exploration campaign, reinforcing the need for robust, qualitative and quantitative mineralogical characterization.&#13;This thesis project directly contributes to finding and refining methods by examining rutile deposits as well as process improvements to a value-added recoveries. In addition, promote and incorporate a methodology based on technology flow, beginning with a focus on mineral characterization, liberation, and potential of extraction.&#13;This work also contributes to the science of automated mineralogy by incorporating outdated instruments, QEMSCAN and MINERALOGIC, into use for characterization. An individual 4.5m sonic drill core alluvial rutile sample was targeted towards characterization as part of advancement in exploration campaign, for this reason the sample undergoes various AM characterization including XRD,QEMSCAN AND MINERALOGIC (SEM-EDS) analysis. The results of these distinct techniques signifies discrepancies in modal mineralogy values, enforcing to a further investigation of the root cause. Upon the relevant literature reviews and assay reconciliation attempt, several points were examined and discussed. Firstly, the effect of particle segregation was examined, considering the unique sample preparation technique implemented by Mineralogic using admixture of nano carbon with epoxy-resin, a definite performance. Secondly, the case of nugget effect on bulk mineralogy was investigated by SEM analysis, by one stage crushing to obtain similar particle size leading to significant reduction of bulk mineralogy result, but prone to sample bias. Finally, a careful adjustment on mineral database input was defined leading to a notable mineral classification. &#13;Based on the results of validated outputs, the target mineral rutile is highly concentrated in lower horizon, which is well liberated but low free surface area. The textural information depicts rutile is coated by clay minerals which emphasizes the need for attrition prior to mineral separation. Furthermore, a potential “ off-spec’’ fine rutile is recommended for further investigation, for its significant concentration in the upper horizon of the sonic drill core sample.

Characterization --- QEMSCAN --- Mineralogic --- Reconcilation --- Particle Segregation --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile