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One of the big development challenges of the twentieth century has been defining the role that poor people, the subjects of development, could and should be playing in modern development. The author, a founding father of community-driven development at the World Bank Group, sets out a personal history of how he came to apply core concepts from anthropology, history, and sociology in pursuit of the moral project of finding ways to engage people not just as individual beneficiaries or targets for development, but as social and political beings whose institutions, priorities, values, and voice matter. Beginning with the Kecamatan Development Project in Indonesia (KDP), this essay charts the author's journey, starting with the puzzle of how to enable agency for villagers when someone else holds most of the power and all of the money. Indonesia's historical interest in rural development created an opening, but it was the 1998 political and economic crisis that cracked not just the Indonesian development model but also the World Bank's strictly technocratic approach to poverty. The essay then moves from community-driven development in Indonesia to developing a model that the World Bank could work with more broadly, and the technical, fiduciary, and bureaucratic innovations required throughout. The author reflects on the mainstreaming of community-driven development in the aftermath of KDP, describing the personalities and processes that presented both inspiration and hurdles along the way.

Access of Poor To Social Services --- Anthropology --- Community Based Rural Development --- Community Development and Empowerment --- Community-Driven Development --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Social Analysis --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion and Institutions

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This open access book honors the work of Michael Cernea, who was the World Bank’s first professional sociologist, by taking on and extending his arguments for "putting people first.” Cernea led a community of social scientists in formulating and promoting a comprehensive set of innovative and original social policies on development issues, which the World Bank adopted and implemented. This book includes globally significant work on urban and rural development, the epistemology of using social science knowledge in national and international development, methodologies for using social organization for more effective poverty reduction, and the experience of crafting social policies to become normative frameworks for purposive collective social action. And by including contributions from senior policy makers in the World Bank who helped shepherd social science's entry into development policy and practice, it provides a unique look at how organizational change can happen.

Society & social sciences --- Development studies --- Central government policies --- Sociology --- Social Sciences, general --- Development Studies --- Environmental Policy --- Sociology, general --- Sociological Methods --- Environmental Social Sciences --- Social Development --- World Bank --- International Development Aid --- Development Anthropology --- Sustainable Development --- Open Access --- Society & Social Sciences --- Central / national / federal government policies

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#SBIB:39A4 --- Land settlement --- -Forced migration --- -Economic development projects --- -Population policy --- -Population planning --- Social policy --- Development projects, Economic --- Projects, Economic development --- Economic assistance --- Technical assistance --- Cleansing, Ethnic --- Compulsory resettlement --- Ethnic cleansing --- Ethnic purification --- Involuntary resettlement --- Migration, Forced --- Purification, Ethnic --- Relocation, Forced --- Resettlement, Involuntary --- Migration, Internal --- Resettlement --- Settlement of land --- Colonies --- Land use, Rural --- Human settlements --- Toegepaste antropologie --- Cross-cultural studies --- -Toegepaste antropologie --- Economic development projects --- Forced migration --- Population policy --- Population planning

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Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Social sciences (general) --- Sociology --- Economic order --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- Development aid. Development cooperation --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- ontwikkelingsbeleid --- sociologie --- sociale wetenschappen --- ontwikkelingssamenwerking --- economische ontwikkelingen --- milieubeleid --- ontwikkelingspolitiek

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Peace-building --- International relief --- Afghanistan --- Economic conditions --- Politics and government