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"Households in rural Colombia are confronted with a variety of violent threats: attacks and displacement threats by guerrillas and paramilitaries, gang violence among drug traffickers, and high common delinquency. In this context, households have to adjust their day-to-day decisions, including saving and portfolio choices, in order to be less vulnerable. The authors test the hypothesis that households, when confronted with exogenous violence, reduce their investment and, moreover, shift it from fixed to mobile assets, which would be safer in the case of displacement, and choose the opposite strategy under higher common delinquency associated with property crimes. Empirical evidence from a rich Colombian micro-data set strongly supports the hypothesis. The results shed new light on the economic impact of violence. The immediate reduction in capital stock might be much less severe than more permanent damage via the savings function. This has implications for the appropriate political answer to chronic violence in Colombia as well as in other areas of chronic conflict. "--World Bank web site.

Saving and investment --- Violent crimes

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"This paper examines how households trade off migration and savings when subject to exogenous violence. The authors propose that households under violence decide jointly on migration and saving, because a higher asset-stock is more difficult to carry to a new place. When confronted with exogenous violence, households are expected to consider migration, and reduce their assets, both in order to reduce their exposure to violence, and to make migration easier. In some cases, after a migration decision has been taken, savings can increase as a function of violence to ensure a minimum bundle to carry. Empirical evidence from rich Colombian micro-data supports the conceptual framework for violence that carries a displacement threat, such as guerrilla attacks. "--World Bank web site.

Saving and investment --- Colombia --- Emigration and immigration.

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The government of Burkina Faso has a strong interest in strengthening its social safety nets provision to better support the country's poorest and most vulnerable households. It has demonstrated this commitment through past investments in social protection. Against a backdrop of limited public finances and budgetary constraints, it is critical to ensure that the resources allocated for social protection, and for social safety nets, are cost-effective. This report responds to a request by the Burkinabe Ministry of Finance to: enhance knowledge about the current state of social safety nets and assess their effectiveness in meeting the needs of the poor; and inform a debate on feasible reform and policy options to make social safety nets in Burkina Faso more effective and of greater impact and able to contribute to a consolidation of expenditure.

Social policy. --- Burkina Faso --- Social conditions.

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Tonnoma is the protagonist of her own story of development. 26 years old, illiterate, and married to a man 15 years her senior, Tonnoma lives in a rural area of Burkina Faso. Before finding employment with the Youth Employment and Skills Development Project, she performed household chores and depended on her husband's irregular income to meet the family's needs. His income was not always sufficient, and they lost their fourth child to poverty. Tonnoma's Story: Women's Work and Empowerment in Burkina Faso is based on actual events and the experiences of numerous women. It draws directly from the results of qualitative research on the factors impeding or promoting women's ability to work in Burkina Faso. It offers readers a glimpse into the daily lives of women who live in a rural environment and want to work. This book shows us that emotional relationships matter, that the social and cultural landscape we are born into matters, and that if we want to conduct effective development, we have to listen carefully to the beneficiaries. How do they perceive their circumstances? What influences their behaviors? What helps or hinders women's access to employment-in their view? This book encourages readers to reflect on how to conduct more beneficiary-centered and participatory international development that better responds to realities on the ground.

Behaviour Economics --- Female Employment --- Micro-Enterprise --- Mobile Childcare --- Rural Inclusion --- Skills Development --- Social Policy --- Social Safety Nets --- Youth Employment