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Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells which reside in a variety of tissues. They differentiate into several mesodermal lineages, secrete a multitude of trophic factors and contribute to tissue homeostasis. MSCs are able to exert immunosuppressive activities by interfering with inflammatory cytokine production and with T- and B-cell proliferation. These immunomodulating properties make MSCs promising candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. There are, however, certain caveats involved including inappropriate migration of cells in the body, immune rejection, tumor formation, or graft versus host disease (GvHD). This book investigates the current state of the MSC-dependent therapy of chronic inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. Among the covered topics are GvHD, chronic kidney, liver and lung disease, ischemic heart and inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, various rheumatic and neurological disorders and, lastly, tumors and solid organ transplantations. This book also questions the immunoprivileged status of MSCs, discusses the therapeutic role of MSCs in experimental animal disease models and their translation to the corresponding human disorders, envisions a role for MSCs in tumor interventions and, lastly, describes a systems biology approach for stem cells and inflammation.

Inflammation. --- Mesenchymal stem cells --- Bone marrow stromal cells --- Marrow stromal cells --- MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells) --- Stromal cells, Bone marrow --- Stromal cells, Marrow --- Multipotent stem cells --- Inflammatory process --- Pathology --- Anti-inflammatory agents --- Transplantation. --- Autoimmune Disorders. --- Immunomodulation. --- Regenerative Medicine. --- Stem Cells.

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Six decades after the serendipitous discovery of chlorpromazine as an antipsychotic and four decades after the launch of clozapine, the first atypical or second generation antipsychotic, psychopharmacology has arrived at an important crossroad. It is clear that pharmacological research and pharmaceutical development must now focus on complementary or even alternative mechanisms of action to address unmet medical  needs, i.e. poorly treated domains of schizophrenia, improved acceptance by patients, better adherence to medication, safety in psychoses in demented patients, and avoiding cardiac and metabolic adverse effects. The first completely novel mechanisms evolving from our insights into the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders, especially the role of glutamatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia, are now under development, and further principles are on the horizon. This situation, in many respects similar to that when the initial second-generation antipsychotics became available, can be rewarding for all.  Preclinical and clinical researchers now have the opportunity to confirm their hypotheses and the pharmaceutical industry may be able to develop really novel classes of therapeutics. When we were approached by the publishers of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology to prepare a new volume on antipsychotics, our intention was to capture both, the accumulated preclinical and clinical knowledge about current antipsychotics as well as prospects for new and potentially more specific antischizophrenia principles. These efforts should be based on the pathophysiology of the diseases and the affected neurotransmitter systems. Since preclinical research on antipsychotic compounds is only reliable when intimately linked through translational aspects to clinical results, we decided to include clinical science as well. It turned out that that this endeavor could not be covered by a single volume. We thank the editorial board and the publishers for supporting our decision to prepare two volumes: Current Antipsychotics and Novel Antischizophrenia Treatments. These topics cannot really be separated from one another and should be seen as a composite entity despite the somewhat arbitrary separation of contributions into two volumes. The continuing challenges of developing improved and safer antipsychotic medications remain of concern and are discussed in the first volume. The new opportunities for the field to develop and license adjunctive treatments for the negative symptoms and cognitive deficits that are treated inadequately by existing compounds have been incentivized recently and provide the focus for the second volume. We hope these collective contributions will facilitate the development of improved treatments for the full range of symptomatology seen in the group of schizophrenias and other major psychotic disorders. Gerhard Gross, Ludwigshafen, Germany Mark A. Geyer, La Jolla, CA This volume will try to put current therapy - achievements, shortcomings, remaining medical needs - and emerging new targets into the context of increasing knowledge regarding the genetic and neurodevelopmental contributions to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Some of the chapters will also deal with respective experimental and clinical methodology, biomarkers, and translational aspects of drug development. Non-schizophrenia indications will be covered to some extent, but not exhaustively.

Antipsychotic agents -- Therapeutic use. --- Antipsychotic drugs -- Controlled release. --- Injections. --- Antipsychotic drugs --- Tranquilizing Agents --- Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features --- Therapeutics --- Psychotropic Drugs --- Central Nervous System Depressants --- Mental Disorders --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Central Nervous System Agents --- Physiological Effects of Drugs --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Therapeutic Uses --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Antipsychotic Agents --- Drug Therapy --- Psychotic Disorders --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Antipsychotic drugs. --- Antipsychotic agents --- Antipsychotics --- Major tranquilizers --- Major tranquilizing agents --- Major tranquilizing drugs --- Neuroleptic agents --- Neuroleptic drugs --- Neuroleptics --- Neurolepts --- Tranquilizing drugs, Major --- Medicine. --- Pharmacy. --- Neurosciences. --- Pharmacology. --- Behavioral sciences. --- Proteins. --- Neurobiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Receptors. --- Behavioral Sciences. --- Psychotropic drugs --- Psychoses --- Chemotherapy --- Toxicology. --- Cell receptors. --- Animal behavior. --- Chemistry --- Medicine --- Drugs --- Materia medica --- Pharmacology --- Animals --- Animals, Habits and behavior of --- Behavior, Animal --- Ethology --- Animal psychology --- Zoology --- Ethologists --- Psychology, Comparative --- Neurosciences --- Cell membrane receptors --- Cell surface receptors --- Receptors, Cell --- Binding sites (Biochemistry) --- Cell membranes --- Proteins --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Chemicals --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Behavior --- Toxicology --- Proteins . --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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Achtzig Jahre nach dem Kriegsende hat die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg in Europa und in den USA eine Renaissance erfahren. Im vorliegenden Tagungsband des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes kommen Historiker aus dem In- und Ausland zu Wort, die sich mit der ganzen Bandbreite des ersten in Europa geführten `modernen´ Krieges beschäftigen. So finden sich neben seit längerem erprobten Ansätzen zur Erforschung des `Großen Krieges´ in diesem Band auch jüngste historiographische Zugänge, die mit Blick auf das Kriegsgeschehen mentalitätsgeschichtliche Fragestellungen aufgreifen.

World War, 1914-1918 --- -European War, 1914-1918 --- First World War, 1914-1918 --- Great War, 1914-1918 --- World War 1, 1914-1918 --- World War I, 1914-1918 --- World War One, 1914-1918 --- WW I (World War, 1914-1918) --- WWI (World War, 1914-1918) --- History, Modern --- Campaigns --- Campaigns. --- -Campaigns --- Battles, sieges, etc. --- Military operations

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This text presents research on the eastern front of World War I, a subject comparatively eclipsed by scholarly study of the western front. Focusing on the first two years of the war, the volume concentrates primarily on elements of the conflict between the Central Powers (specifically Germany and its ally Austria-Hungary) and pre-revolutionary Russia. The work approaches topics of interest through a tripartite structure, addressing the operational conduct of the war, the combatants' cultural conceptions of themselves and the enemy, and how the conflict has been understood and commemorated in the years since the end of the war. The volume concludes with a chapter that brings together themes studied throughout the text in a discussion of the potential continuities between the German conduct and perception of war from the First World War to the Second.

Collective memory --- World War, 1914-1918 --- Campaigns