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Sex-age and seasonal variability of the ventral glands and different stereotypes of scent marking behaviour in four Meriones species (M. unguiculatus, M. meridianus, M. libycus, M. tamariscinus) have been studied in nature and under semi-natural conditions. Two major ways of olfactory marking are considered: by secretion of the ventral glands and by "signal heaps" with urine and feces. Intraspecific and inter-species variability of marking activity is investigated. The ventral glands start to fuction at the period of preparation of a generative system to reproduction. The peak of secretary activity of gland and maximum of two types of marking activity is observed in spring and early summer, i.e. the period of active reproduction. The maximum of two types of the marking activity is observed during this period. In M. tamariscinus and M. meridianus the marking by the ventral gland is prevailing mode of the territory scent marking, while Mongolian gerbils (M. unguiculatus) prefer to use "signal heaps" Libyan gerbils (M. libycus) in this relation take an intermediate position. At the non-productive period a level of marking activity is on 10-20 times lower than at the reproductive season. Besides hormonal, social factors were also important for regulation of marking activity. By influence of these factors the differences in the level of marking activity in high-rank and low-rank individuals and differences in patterns of a spatial distribution of scent marks in individuals of different hierarchical rank is explained. Functional significance of various ways of territory scent marking is discussed

Activity. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Feces. --- Functional-activity. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Gland. --- Hormonal. --- Inter-species. --- Level. --- Maintenance. --- Marking. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Olfactory. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Population. --- Position. --- Rank. --- Regulation. --- Reproduction. --- Review. --- Scent marking. --- Scent-marking. --- Scent. --- Season. --- Seasonal dynamics. --- Secretion. --- Semi-natural. --- Social-factors. --- Social-organization. --- Social. --- Southern kalmykia. --- Spatial. --- System. --- Tamariscinus. --- Territories. --- Territory. --- Time. --- Unguiculatus. --- Urine. --- Variability.

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A comparative study of the sandbathing phenomenon in Four Meriones species (M. unguiculatus, M. libycus, M. meridianus, M. tamariscinus) was conducted. Interspecies and intraspecies (sex-age) variability of the appropriate behavioral activity was studied. Spatial distribution of sandbathing loci and their relation to "scent marking centers" of the gerbils was investigated. The sandbathing frequency in nocturnal species (M. meridianus, M. tamariscinus) was found to be higher than in diurnal ones (M. unguiculatus, M. libycus). The activity in juvenile individuals was significantly lower than in adults. The sandbathing activity of gebrils is closely related to scent marking behavior and might be considered as a kind of olfactory marking and communication

Activity. --- Adult. --- Behavior. --- Communication. --- Frequency. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Loci. --- Maintenance. --- Marking behavior. --- Marking. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Olfactory. --- Scent marking. --- Scent-marking. --- Scent. --- Spatial. --- Tamariscinus. --- Time. --- Unguiculatus. --- Variability.

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A collection set of 16 cards from the Archaeology Museum at Odessa featuring Cyzicene electrum coins from the early fifth to mid-fourth centuries B.C. found in the village of Orlovka and a brochure with information in English and Russian.

Coins, Greek --- Coins, Greek --- Coins, Greek. --- Coinage --- Electrum.