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The judgement of apostasy on the last page of al-Ghazālī's Incoherence of the philosophers has long been considered as one of the key reasons for the decline of peripatetic philosophy in Islam. This study is an inquiry into the different elements of Islamic thought which led to al-Ghazālī's conviction that three important conclusions of peripatetic philosophy must be considered as heresy. In its four parts, the volume describes the early usage of the judgement on apostates in Islam and the legal and theological developments, which led to its application against the secret apostates. It examines, how during the last decade of the 5th/11th century, the judgement could be turned against the philosophers. Finally the study determines the early effects of al-Ghazālī's judgement on the peripatetic philosophy both in the Mashriq and in al-Andalus.

Apostasy --- Religious tolerance --- Philosophy, Islamic. --- Islam. --- Islamic philosophy --- Arabic philosophy --- Muslim philosophy --- Philosophy, Islamic --- Philosophy, Arab --- Apostasy (Islam) --- Takfīr (Islam) --- Kufr (Islam) --- Islam --- Ghazzālī, --- Ghazzālī --- Apostasy - Islam. --- Religious tolerance - Islam.

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"This is a comprehensive study of the far-reaching changes that led to a re-shaping of the philosophical discourse in Islam during the sixth/twelfth century. Whereas earlier Western scholars thought that Islam's engagement with the tradition of Greek philosophy ended during that century, more recent analyses suggest its integration into the genre of rationalist Muslim theology (kalam). This book proposes a third view about the fate of philosophy in Islam. It argues that in addition to this integration, Muslim theologians picked up the discourse of philosophy in Islam (falsafa) and began to produce books on philosophy. Written by the same authors, books in these two genres, kalām and philosophy, argue for opposing teachings on the nature of God, the world's creation, and on the afterlife. This study explains the emergence of a new genre of philosophical books called "hikma" that stand opposed to Islamic theology and at the same wishes to complement it. Offering a detailed history of philosophy in Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia during the sixth/twelfth century together with an analysis of the circumstances of practicing philosophy during this time, this study can show how reports of falsafa, written by major Muslim theologians such as al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111), developed step-by-step into critical assessments of philosophy that try to improve philosophical teachings, and eventually become fully fledged philosophical summas in the work of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210). The book ends in a discussion of the different methods of kalam and hikma and the coherence and ambiguity of a Muslim post-classical philosopher's œuvre"--

Islamic philosophy --- History --- Islamic philosophy. --- History. --- 1 <=927> --- 297.1 --- 297.1 Islam:--religieuze vraagstukken : indelen zoals 291.1/.8 --- Islam:--religieuze vraagstukken : indelen zoals 291.1/.8 --- 1 <=927> Arabische, islamitische filosofie --- Arabische, islamitische filosofie --- History of philosophy --- Islam --- anno 1100-1199 --- Islamic philosophy - History

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Islamic cosmology --- Islamic philosophy --- Ghazzālī

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Human medicine