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In many OECD countries, government debt reached levels over recent years that call for reduction over the medium to longer term to ensure public finance sustainability. This paper investigates the international transmission of fiscal consolidation shocks via trade flows. Using a measure of exogenous fiscal shocks in export markets, fiscal consolidation spillovers are found to slow domestic growth and decrease employment. When fiscal consolidation efforts are synchronised across partner countries, fiscal policies have large spillover effects on output. Spillovers of fiscal consolidations on growth are found to be initially larger between countries belonging to currency unions, though this larger impact vanishes over the medium term. Larger spillovers of fiscal consolidation coincide with stronger shifts in bilateral trade flows in currency unions in the short term, despite smaller adjustments in relative exchange rates. Spillovers of fiscal consolidation are also found to be more detrimental to domestic growth during economic downturns in export markets.
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Over the past decade, France has substantially eased the burden of anti-competitive regulations and effectively enforced competition law against anti-competitive practices. Various sectors have been opened up more widely to competition, and the powers of the Competition Authority have been strengthened. However, the administrative procedures involved in starting a business remain lengthy, and the number of regulations and rules is substantial, while their potential impact on competition is not fully taken into account when they are drawn up and implemented. Recent streamlining initiatives are welcome but remain limited. Meanwhile, the territorial fragmentation of public procurement procedures, which could decline following ongoing reforms, impairs their efficiency and entry and operating requirements appear to go beyond consumer protection in several regulated professions, such as in legal services and health care. In the retail sector, recent reforms have significantly relaxed negotiating conditions between suppliers and retailers, and Sunday trading is intended to be partly liberalised. However, the ban on resale below cost has not been challenged, nor the tight rules controlling commercial zoning. Individual shops that contract with superstore chains cannot change chain easily. Of the network industries, it is in the telecommunications sector that competition has made the most progress, and there is room for further improvements in transport and energy. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of France (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-france.htm).
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Poland has significantly upgraded its infrastructure network over the past decade. However, bottlenecks still weigh on productivity growth and environmental and health outcomes. The EU 2014-20 programming period is an opportunity to improve the management of infrastructure investment. In the transport sector, the country allocated most recent funding to roads, but it plans significant investment in railway and urban public transport in 2014-20. Strengthening metropolitan governance, building up medium-term infrastructure management capabilities and reducing funding uncertainty would ensure more efficient spending. In the energy sector, electricity generation capacity is tight, while regulatory uncertainty, administrative burdens and a lack of interregional and international trade capacity has hampered the development of renewables. The authorities are seeking to develop nuclear power, but they need to take fully into account tail risks involved and its long-term costs. More energy efficiency investment would also be valuable, as current support systems do not provide sufficient incentives.
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La France a considérablement diminué le poids des réglementations anticoncurrentielles et appliqué de façon efficace le droit de la concurrence dans le cas de pratiques anticoncurrentielles au cours des dix dernières années. Divers secteurs ont été ouverts plus largement à la concurrence et l’Autorité de la concurrence a été dotée de pouvoirs accrus. Toutefois, les procédures administratives lors des créations d’entreprises restent longues et le nombre de normes et réglementations pouvant être appliquées est substantiel alors que leur impact potentiel sur la concurrence n’est qu’imparfaitement pris en compte lors de leur élaboration et de leur mise en oeuvre. Les récents efforts de simplification sont bienvenus mais demeurent encore limités. Dans le même temps, les conditions d’attribution des marchés publics pâtissent, elles, du morcellement territorial de la commande publique qui devrait être réduit grâce à la réforme territoriale en cours, tandis que les conditions d’entrée et d’exercice de nombre de professions réglementées restent relativement restrictives, notamment dans les services juridiques et dans le domaine de la santé. Dans le secteur du commerce de détail, les réformes récentes ont permis d’assouplir significativement les conditions de négociations entre fournisseurs et distributeurs, et les conditions de l’ouverture dominicale sont en train d’être réformées. Cependant, le principe d’interdiction de la revente à perte n’a pas été remis en cause, tout comme le fort encadrement de l’urbanisme commercial. Les commerçants indépendants qui contractent avec de grandes enseignes peuvent difficilement changer d’enseigne. Parmi les industries de réseaux, c’est dans le secteur des télécommunications que la concurrence a le plus progressé, mais elle reste perfectible dans les transports et l’énergie. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la France 2015 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-france.htm).
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Over the past decade, France has substantially eased the burden of anti-competitive regulations and effectively enforced competition law against anti-competitive practices. Various sectors have been opened up more widely to competition, and the powers of the Competition Authority have been strengthened. However, the administrative procedures involved in starting a business remain lengthy, and the number of regulations and rules is substantial, while their potential impact on competition is not fully taken into account when they are drawn up and implemented. Recent streamlining initiatives are welcome but remain limited. Meanwhile, the territorial fragmentation of public procurement procedures, which could decline following ongoing reforms, impairs their efficiency and entry and operating requirements appear to go beyond consumer protection in several regulated professions, such as in legal services and health care. In the retail sector, recent reforms have significantly relaxed negotiating conditions between suppliers and retailers, and Sunday trading is intended to be partly liberalised. However, the ban on resale below cost has not been challenged, nor the tight rules controlling commercial zoning. Individual shops that contract with superstore chains cannot change chain easily. Of the network industries, it is in the telecommunications sector that competition has made the most progress, and there is room for further improvements in transport and energy. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of France (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-france.htm).
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Poland has significantly upgraded its infrastructure network over the past decade. However, bottlenecks still weigh on productivity growth and environmental and health outcomes. The EU 2014-20 programming period is an opportunity to improve the management of infrastructure investment. In the transport sector, the country allocated most recent funding to roads, but it plans significant investment in railway and urban public transport in 2014-20. Strengthening metropolitan governance, building up medium-term infrastructure management capabilities and reducing funding uncertainty would ensure more efficient spending. In the energy sector, electricity generation capacity is tight, while regulatory uncertainty, administrative burdens and a lack of interregional and international trade capacity has hampered the development of renewables. The authorities are seeking to develop nuclear power, but they need to take fully into account tail risks involved and its long-term costs. More energy efficiency investment would also be valuable, as current support systems do not provide sufficient incentives.
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In many OECD countries, government debt reached levels over recent years that call for reduction over the medium to longer term to ensure public finance sustainability. This paper investigates the international transmission of fiscal consolidation shocks via trade flows. Using a measure of exogenous fiscal shocks in export markets, fiscal consolidation spillovers are found to slow domestic growth and decrease employment. When fiscal consolidation efforts are synchronised across partner countries, fiscal policies have large spillover effects on output. Spillovers of fiscal consolidations on growth are found to be initially larger between countries belonging to currency unions, though this larger impact vanishes over the medium term. Larger spillovers of fiscal consolidation coincide with stronger shifts in bilateral trade flows in currency unions in the short term, despite smaller adjustments in relative exchange rates. Spillovers of fiscal consolidation are also found to be more detrimental to domestic growth during economic downturns in export markets.
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La France a considérablement diminué le poids des réglementations anticoncurrentielles et appliqué de façon efficace le droit de la concurrence dans le cas de pratiques anticoncurrentielles au cours des dix dernières années. Divers secteurs ont été ouverts plus largement à la concurrence et l’Autorité de la concurrence a été dotée de pouvoirs accrus. Toutefois, les procédures administratives lors des créations d’entreprises restent longues et le nombre de normes et réglementations pouvant être appliquées est substantiel alors que leur impact potentiel sur la concurrence n’est qu’imparfaitement pris en compte lors de leur élaboration et de leur mise en oeuvre. Les récents efforts de simplification sont bienvenus mais demeurent encore limités. Dans le même temps, les conditions d’attribution des marchés publics pâtissent, elles, du morcellement territorial de la commande publique qui devrait être réduit grâce à la réforme territoriale en cours, tandis que les conditions d’entrée et d’exercice de nombre de professions réglementées restent relativement restrictives, notamment dans les services juridiques et dans le domaine de la santé. Dans le secteur du commerce de détail, les réformes récentes ont permis d’assouplir significativement les conditions de négociations entre fournisseurs et distributeurs, et les conditions de l’ouverture dominicale sont en train d’être réformées. Cependant, le principe d’interdiction de la revente à perte n’a pas été remis en cause, tout comme le fort encadrement de l’urbanisme commercial. Les commerçants indépendants qui contractent avec de grandes enseignes peuvent difficilement changer d’enseigne. Parmi les industries de réseaux, c’est dans le secteur des télécommunications que la concurrence a le plus progressé, mais elle reste perfectible dans les transports et l’énergie. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la France 2015 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-france.htm).
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This paper examines whether the composition of a country’s external liabilities and assets has an incidence on its risk of suffering financial turmoil. Particular emphasis is put on the role of international financial integration, using newly-constructed measures of contagion shocks. These new measures capture well the contagion observed e.g. in the wake of the Mexican and Asian crises, and confirm that contagion shocks observed in 2009/10 dwarfed those observed during previous financial crises. Using a panel of 184 developed and emerging economies from 1970 to 2009, the empirical analysis finds that the structure of the financial account has an important influence on financial stability. A key result is that a bias in external liabilities towards debt strongly increases the risk of a systemic banking crisis. Moreover, certain forms of international financial integration are found to amplify contagion shocks and increase crisis risk, such as integration through international bank lending, and in particular through short-term bank debt.
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This paper examines how structural policies can influence a country's risk of suffering financial turmoil. Using a panel of 184 developed and emerging economies from 1970 to 2009, the empirical analysis examines which structural policies can affect financial stability by either shaping the financial account structure, by reducing the risk of international financial contagion, or by directly reducing the risk of financial crises. Differentiated capital controls are found to affect financial stability via the structure of the financial account. Moreover, a number of structural policies including regulatory burdens on foreign direct investment, strict product market regulation, or tax systems which favour debt over equity finance are found to bias external financing towards debt, thereby increasing financial crisis risk. By contrast, more stringent domestic capital adequacy requirements for banks, greater reliance of a domestic banking system on deposits, controls on credit market inflows, and openness to foreign bank entry are found to reduce the vulnerability to financial contagion. Finally, vulnerability to international bank balance-sheet shocks is found to be lower in situations of abundant global liquidity, underlining the importance of adequate central bank reactions in situations of financial turmoil.
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