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This book covers the most recent advances in all the topics with which researchers and professionals need to be familiar in order to obtain a better understanding of, and to better exploit, beneficial plant-microbe interactions. The use of microorganisms for agriculture and environmental applications is gaining importance worldwide to improve crop performance, but also for other environmental applications, such as bioremediation in chemically polluted soils. The search for an equilibrium between fundamental and applied aspects makes this book useful for professionals at various levels in the value chain of the “microbial biofertilizers”. Challenges of comercializing biofertilizers involve efficiency of the products and safety for human health and the environment, topics that have paid central attention in this book. Students, scientists and biofertilizers developers will find updated and comprehensive information about the different aspects to be considered to address a successful introduction of biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture and environmental actions.
Life sciences. --- Agriculture. --- Forestry. --- Microbiology. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Sciences. --- Nitrogen --- Plant-microbe relationships. --- Fixation. --- Plant-microbe interactions --- Biological nitrogen fixation --- Bionitrogen fixation --- BNF (Biological nitrogen fixation) --- Dinitrogen fixation --- Fixation of nitrogen --- Nitrogen fixation --- Plants --- Biogeochemical cycles --- Microbiology --- Forests and forestry. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Floristic botany
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Emerging economies have high shares of self-employed individuals running owner-only firms who, in contrast to many salaried firms, have little access to formal financing and therefore rely on informal financing (input credit) from other firms. We build a small open economy real business cycle model with labor and financial market frictions where formal credit markets, informal credit, and the structure of the labor market interact. The model successfully replicates the cyclical behavior of sectoral employment, formal credit, and the main macroeconomic aggregates in emerging economies. We show that a countercyclical macroprudential policy that reduces formal credit fluctuations has positive though quantitatively limited effects on consumption and output volatility, but generates larger unemployment fluctuations in response to productivity shocks; the same policy increases labor market and aggregate volatility in response to net worth shocks. The link between input credit and the labor market structure---key for capturing the cyclical dynamics of labor and credit markets in the data---plays a crucial role for these results.
Business cycles. --- Financial crises. --- Fiscal policy -- Developing countries. --- Monetary policy. --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Management Styles & Communication --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Labor Demand --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Labour --- income economics --- Self-employment --- Labor markets --- Macroprudential policy --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Self-employed --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- Economic policy --- Mexico --- Income economics
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This book covers the most recent advances in all the topics with which researchers and professionals need to be familiar in order to obtain a better understanding of, and to better exploit, beneficial plant-microbe interactions. The use of microorganisms for agriculture and environmental applications is gaining importance worldwide to improve crop performance, but also for other environmental applications, such as bioremediation in chemically polluted soils. The search for an equilibrium between fundamental and applied aspects makes this book useful for professionals at various levels in the value chain of the “microbial biofertilizers”. Challenges of comercializing biofertilizers involve efficiency of the products and safety for human health and the environment, topics that have paid central attention in this book. Students, scientists and biofertilizers developers will find updated and comprehensive information about the different aspects to be considered to address a successful introduction of biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture and environmental actions.
General microbiology --- Biology --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Botany --- Forestry --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- systematische plantkunde --- biologie --- landbouw --- microbiologie --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- botanie --- bossen --- planten
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Fluctuations in commodity prices are an important driver of business cycles in small emerging market economies (EMEs). We document how these fluctuations correlate strongly with the business cycle in EMEs. We then embed a commodity sector into a multi-country EMEs’ business cycle model where exogenous fluctuations in commodity prices follow a common dynamic factor structure and coexist with other driving forces. The estimated model assigns to commodity shocks 42 percent of the variance in income, of which a considerable part is linked to the common factor. A further amplification mechanism is a ”spillover” effect from commodity prices to risk premia.
Commodity futures. --- Commodities futures --- Commodity futures contracts --- Commodity futures trading --- Futures, Commodity --- Futures --- Investments: Commodities --- Macroeconomics --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- International Business Cycles --- Commodity Markets --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Investment & securities --- Commodity prices --- Commodities --- Commodity price shocks --- Commodity price indexes --- Commodity price fluctuations --- Prices --- Commercial products --- Price indexes --- Chile
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This paper presents a Markov switching dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model designed to evaluate the macroeconomic return of adaptation investment to natural disasters (NDs) and the impact of climate change. While the model follows the existing literature in assuming that NDs destroy a share of the public and private capital stocks and a government that can invest in adaptation at an additional cost, it adds several features that are key to the analysis, both in the near (transition) and long (steady state) terms. Those include incomplete markets, financial frictions with collateral constraints, foreign remittances, full menu of tax and government spending instruments, and endogenous climate risk premium. The model is calibrated to the case of Dominica. It finds that NDs have large and persistent negative effects on output and public finances. It also shows that adaptation investment has large returns in terms of private investment, employment, output and tax revenue in the long term, especially under climate change.
Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Environmental Economics --- Natural Disasters --- Investments: General --- Public Finance --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Fiscal Policy --- Foreign Aid --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Climate change --- Natural disasters --- Public finance & taxation --- Environment --- Consumption --- National accounts --- Return on investment --- Revenue administration --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Climatic changes --- Saving and investment --- Revenue
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This paper presents a Markov switching dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model designed to evaluate the macroeconomic return of adaptation investment to natural disasters (NDs) and the impact of climate change. While the model follows the existing literature in assuming that NDs destroy a share of the public and private capital stocks and a government that can invest in adaptation at an additional cost, it adds several features that are key to the analysis, both in the near (transition) and long (steady state) terms. Those include incomplete markets, financial frictions with collateral constraints, foreign remittances, full menu of tax and government spending instruments, and endogenous climate risk premium. The model is calibrated to the case of Dominica. It finds that NDs have large and persistent negative effects on output and public finances. It also shows that adaptation investment has large returns in terms of private investment, employment, output and tax revenue in the long term, especially under climate change.
Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Environmental Economics --- Natural Disasters --- Investments: General --- Public Finance --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Fiscal Policy --- Foreign Aid --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Climate change --- Natural disasters --- Public finance & taxation --- Environment --- Consumption --- National accounts --- Return on investment --- Revenue administration --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Climatic changes --- Saving and investment --- Revenue
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The book is a comprehensive compilation of the most recent advances in the practical approach of the use of microbial probiotics for agriculture. Unlike the rest of the publications about biofertilizers, this book bridges the gap between the lab studies (molecular, physiological, omics, etc.) and the agronomic application. .
Probiotics. --- Microbiology. --- Plant diseases. --- Plant breeding. --- Applied Microbiology. --- Plant Pathology. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Crops --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Plant pathology.
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