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Studies of the Curse of Ham, the belief that the Bible consigned blacks to everlasting servitude, confuse and conflate two separate origins stories (etiologies), one of black skin and the other of black slavery. This work unravels the etiologies and shows how the Curse, an etiology of black slavery, evolved from an earlier etiology explaining the existence of dark-skinned people. We see when, where, why, and how an original mythic tale of black origins morphed into a story of the origins of black slavery, and how, in turn, the second then supplanted the first as an explanation for black skin. In the process we see how formulations of the Curse changed over time, depending on the historical and social contexts, reflecting and refashioning the way blackness and blacks were perceived. In particular, two significant developments are uncovered. First, a curse of slavery, originally said to affect various dark-skinned peoples, was eventually applied most commonly to black Africans. Second, blackness, originally incidental to the curse, in time became part of the curse itself. Dark skin now became an intentional marker of servitude, the visible sign of the blacks' degradation, and in the process deprecating black skin itself.

Blacks in the Bible --- Blacks --- Slavery --- Black race --- Noirs dans la Bible --- Noirs --- Esclavage --- Race noire --- Public opinion --- History --- Justification --- Opinion publique --- Histoire --- Ham (Biblical figure) --- History. --- Blacks in the Bible. --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Negro race in the Bible --- Ham --- Cham --- Black persons --- Black people in the Bible. --- Black people --- Blacks. --- Curse. --- Ham. --- Slavery.

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How old is prejudice against black people? Were the racist attitudes that fueled the Atlantic slave trade firmly in place 700 years before the European discovery of sub-Saharan Africa? In this groundbreaking book, David Goldenberg seeks to discover how dark-skinned peoples, especially black Africans, were portrayed in the Bible and by those who interpreted the Bible--Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Unprecedented in rigor and breadth, his investigation covers a 1,500-year period, from ancient Israel (around 800 B.C.E.) to the eighth century C.E., after the birth of Islam. By tracing the development of anti-Black sentiment during this time, Goldenberg uncovers views about race, color, and slavery that took shape over the centuries--most centrally, the belief that the biblical Ham and his descendants, the black Africans, had been cursed by God with eternal slavery. Goldenberg begins by examining a host of references to black Africans in biblical and postbiblical Jewish literature. From there he moves the inquiry from Black as an ethnic group to black as color, and early Jewish attitudes toward dark skin color. He goes on to ask when the black African first became identified as slave in the Near East, and, in a powerful culmination, discusses the resounding influence of this identification on Jewish, Christian, and Islamic thinking, noting each tradition's exegetical treatment of pertinent biblical passages. Authoritative, fluidly written, and situated at a richly illuminating nexus of images, attitudes, and history, The Curse of Ham is sure to have a profound and lasting impact on the perennial debate over the roots of racism and slavery, and on the study of early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Black race --- Slavery --- Muslims --- Christians --- Jews --- Blacks --- Blacks in the Bible. --- Color of the black race --- Human skin color --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- Slaves --- Mohammedans --- Moors (People) --- Moslems --- Muhammadans --- Musalmans --- Mussalmans --- Mussulmans --- Mussulmen --- Religious adherents --- Islam --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Semites --- Judaism --- Negroes --- Negro race in the Bible --- Color. --- Justification --- History. --- Attitudes --- History --- Public opinion --- Color --- Ham --- Bible. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Cham --- Black people --- Black persons --- Blacks in the Bible --- Black people in the Bible. --- Enslaved persons --- 2 Maccabees. --- Abolitionism. --- Adultery. --- Aggadah. --- Ambrosiaster. --- Anti-Judaism. --- Antisemitism. --- Antithesis. --- Apocalypse of Abraham. --- Apocrypha. --- Apocryphon. --- Arabic. --- Arabs. --- Asher. --- Babylonian captivity. --- Bar Hebraeus. --- Biblical Hebrew. --- Biblical apocrypha. --- Blemmyes. --- Book of Lamentations. --- Canaan. --- Church Fathers. --- Creation myth. --- Curse of Ham. --- Cushi. --- Dark skin. --- Desert Fathers. --- Disputation. --- Ebed-Melech. --- Egyptians. --- Epaphus. --- Essenes. --- Etiology. --- Etymology. --- Eupolemus. --- Exegesis. --- Ezekiel. --- Generations of Noah. --- Genesis Apocryphon. --- Gentile. --- God. --- Gog and Magog. --- Haggadah. --- Hamitic. --- Hebrews. --- Hezekiah. --- Idolatry. --- Isaiah. --- Islam. --- Israelites. --- Japheth. --- Jehovah. --- Jephthah. --- Jerusalem Talmud. --- Jewish history. --- Jews. --- Judaism. --- Judas Maccabeus. --- Kingdom of Judah. --- Kingdom of Kush. --- Late Antiquity. --- Leprosy. --- Literature. --- Maimonides. --- Mamzer. --- Mandaeans. --- Mandaeism. --- Masoretic Text. --- Midian. --- Midrash HaGadol. --- Midrash Rabba. --- Midrash. --- Miscegenation. --- Naphtali. --- Negev. --- Nubia. --- Obscenity. --- Old Greek. --- Plagues of Egypt. --- Proselyte. --- Pseudo-Philo. --- Rabbi. --- Rabbinic literature. --- Racism. --- Rashi. --- Red Jews. --- Semitic people. --- Septuagint. --- Sin. --- Slavery. --- Social death. --- Sodomy. --- Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. --- Targum. --- Tarshish. --- Tosafot. --- Wickedness. --- Zedekiah. --- Zephaniah. --- Zipporah.

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Religious studies --- Sociology of religion

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