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Since 2004 (Ethiopian Fiscal Year (EFY) 1997), Ethiopia has experienced strong and generally broad-based real economic growth of around 10.6 percent on average between then and 2011. Growth over the last nine years was far beyond the growth rates recorded in aggregate terms for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which on average only reached 5.2 percent, less than half of Ethiopia's average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate during that period. Inspired by the East Asian experiences for a comparison of selected indicators and policies of Ethiopia and China/Korea), growth was induced through a mix of factors including agricultural modernization, the development of new export sectors, strong global commodity demand, and government-led development investments. The initial double digits growth rates have now manifested slightly lower but remain at high single-digit levels. The economy is expected to stabilize at around seven to eight percent in 2012, largely owing to improved performance in the agriculture sector. GDP growth is likely to stay around that margin up until 2016 (EFY 2008) driven by rising foreign investment and exports (Economist Intelligence Unit 2012). High inflation persists, but is on a slightly decreasing trend. Economic growth brought with it positive trends in reducing poverty, in both urban and rural areas. Ethiopia follows a strategy of increasing exports to facilitate growth. This is appropriate given the currently limited size of its domestic market and it is consistent with the development experience of some of the recently successful countries, particularly in East Asia. Export of goods growth is to a good extent driven by volume growth across a variety of product groups, which indicates that this growth is a result of recent efforts to increase and diversify the export base. Overall export and import developments result in a significantly increased trade deficit by 43 percent, up from USD 5.5 billion in 2010/11 to USD 7.9 billion.

Agriculture --- Analysis of Economic Growth --- Consumers --- Debt --- Depreciation --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Economic Development --- Economic Forecasting --- Economic Growth --- Economic Management --- Export Competitiveness --- Export Development and Competitiveness --- Financial Development --- Financial Management --- Fiscal & Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Policy --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gdp --- Globalization --- Gross Domestic Product --- Household Income --- Human Capital --- Income Inequality --- Income Tax --- Industrialization --- Inflation --- Insurance --- Investment Climate --- Labor Market --- Living Standards --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Forces --- Marketing --- Monetary Policy --- Per Capita Income --- Population Growth --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Price Volatility --- Private Investment --- Property Rights --- Public Debt --- Public Investment --- Purchasing Power --- Savings --- Savings Rate --- Slowdown --- Surplus --- Tax Reform --- Trade and Integration --- Transaction Costs --- Wages --- World Development Indicators --- World Trade Organization

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Studies of female business leaders and economic performance are rarely conducted with worldwide observational data, and with considerations on the underlying cultural, institutional, and business environment. This paper uses worldwide, firm-level data from more than 100 countries to study how female-headed firms differ from male-headed firms in productivity level and growth, and whether the female leader performance disparity hinges on the underlying environment. Female-headed firms account for about 11 percent of firms and are more prevalent in countries with better rule of law, gender equality, and stronger individualistic culture. On average, female-headed firms have 9 to 16 percent lower productivity and 1.6 percentage points lower labor productivity growth, compared with male-headed firms. The disadvantage is mainly in manufacturing firms, largely nonexistent in service firms, and present in relatively small firms. Although the female leader performance disadvantage is surprisingly not related to gender equality, it is smaller where there isless emphasis on personal networks (better rule of law, lower trade credit linkages, lower usage of bank credit, and more equalizing internet), less competition, and the culture is more collective. The study does not find that the female leader disadvantage is amplified in corrupt environments. Africa differs significantly in that it features lower female disadvantage, stronger female advantage in services relative to manufacturing, and stronger sensitivity of female business leaders to electricity provision and bank credit access.

Business Environment --- Competition --- Competition Policy --- Corporate Governance and Corruption --- Curruption --- Enterprise Development and Reform --- Female Entrepreneurs --- Firm Productivity --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Economic Policy --- Microenterprises --- Networks --- Private Sector Development --- Small And Medium Size Enterprise --- Small and Medium Size Enterprises