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Maps are a fundamental resource in a diverse array of applications ranging from everyday activities, such as route planning through the legal demarcation of space to scientific studies, such as those seeking to understand biodiversity and inform the design of nature reserves for species conservation. For a map to have value, it should provide an accurate and timely representation of the phenomenon depicted and this can be a challenge in a dynamic world. Fortunately, mapping activities have benefitted greatly from recent advances in geoinformation technologies. Satellite remote sensing, for example, now offers unparalleled data acquisition and authoritative mapping agencies have developed systems for the routine production of maps in accordance with strict standards. Until recently, much mapping activity was in the exclusive realm of authoritative agencies but technological development has also allowed the rise of the amateur mapping community. The proliferation of inexpensive and highly mobile and location aware devices together with Web 2.0 technology have fostered the emergence of the citizen as a source of data. Mapping presently benefits from vast amounts of spatial data as well as people able to provide observations of geographic phenomena, which can inform map production, revision and evaluation. The great potential of these developments is, however, often limited by concerns. The latter span issues from the nature of the citizens through the way data are collected and shared to the quality and trustworthiness of the data. This book reports on some of the key issues connected with the use of citizen sensors in mapping. It arises from a European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, which explored issues linked to topics ranging from citizen motivation, data acquisition, data quality and the use of citizen derived data in the production of maps that rival, and sometimes surpass, maps arising from authoritative agencies.

Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- Geography --- Cartography, map-making & projections --- Artificial satellites --- Cartography --- Tracking. --- Technological innovations. --- Flight tracking --- Satellite tracking --- Space trajectories --- Tracking (Engineering) --- Cartography, Primitive --- Chartography --- Map-making --- Mapmaking --- Mapping (Cartography) --- Mathematical geography --- Surveying --- Map projection --- Maps

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#TELE:MI2 --- Environmental monitoring --- Environmental studies --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems --- Remote sensing. --- Use of --- Remote sensing --- Remote Sensing --- Remote Sensing. --- Environmental monitoring - Remote sensing

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This book explicitly investigates issues of astrobiological relevance in the context of cold aqueous planetary geochemistry. At the core of the technical chapters is the FREZCHEM model, initially developed over many years by one of the authors to quantify aqueous electrolyte properties and chemical thermodynamics at subzero temperatures. FREZCHEM, of general relevance to biogeochemists and geochemical modelers, cold planetary scientists, physicochemists and chemical engineers, is subsequently applied to the exploration of biogeochemical applications to solar systems bodies in general, and to speculations about the limits for life in cold environments in particular.

Space research --- Astrophysics --- Physicochemistry --- Geophysics --- Biology --- astrofysica --- biologie --- ruimte (astronomie) --- ruimtevaart --- geofysica --- fysicochemie

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Developments in remote sensing technology have greatly extended the range of data available to those studying the Earth from a distance. A remote sensing analyst can now choose from a wide range of spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric scales to address a particular question.

Remote sensing. --- Detectors.

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