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The first contribution reviews the phytochemical, chemical, and biological literature on members of the ingenane class of diterpenoids from their first isolation in 1968 through 2015, highlighting unresolved issues both common to phorboids and specific to ingenol derivatives. The biogenesis of ingenol is discussed in the light of the Jakupovic proposal of a dissection between the formation of the macrocyclic Euphorbia diterpenoids and the phorboids, and the clinical development of ingenol mebutate is chronicled in the light of its “reverse-pharmacology” focus. The second contribution offers a comprehensive view of the chemical wealth and the taxonomic problems currently impeding chemical and biological investigations of the genus Laurencia. It addresses the botanical description and the growth and population dynamics of the genus, as well as its chemical diversity and ecological relations; the secondary metabolites as well as their sources of isolation; and finally the biological activity.

Chemistry. --- Organic chemistry. --- Medicinal chemistry. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Medicinal Chemistry. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Pathology --- Chemistry, Medical and pharmaceutical --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug chemistry --- Drugs --- Medical chemistry --- Medicinal chemistry --- Pharmacochemistry --- Clinical biochemistry.

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The first contribution describes apolar and polar molecular fossils and, in particular biomarkers, along the lines usually followed in organic chemistry textbooks, and points to their bioprecursors when available. Thus, the apolar compounds are divided in linear and branched alkanes followed by alicyclic compounds and aromatic and heterocyclic molecules, and, in particular, the geoporphyrins. The polar molecular fossils contain as functional groups or constituent units ethers, alcohols, phenols, carbonyl groups, flavonoids, quinones, and acids, or are polymers like kerogen, amber, melanin, proteins, or nucleic acids. The final sections discuss the methodology used and the fundamental processes encountered by the biomolecules described, including diagenesis, catagenesis, and metagenesis. The second contribution covers the distribution of phthalides in nature and the findings in the structural diversity, chemical reactivity, biotransformations, syntheses, and bioactivity of natural and semisynthetic phthalides.

Chemistry. --- Pharmaceutical technology. --- Organic chemistry. --- Medicinal chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology. --- Medicinal Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Pharmaceutical chemistry. --- Clinical biochemistry. --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Chemistry, Medical and pharmaceutical --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug chemistry --- Drugs --- Medical chemistry --- Medicinal chemistry --- Pharmacochemistry --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Pathology --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Pharmaceutical laboratory techniques --- Pharmaceutical laboratory technology --- Technology, Pharmaceutical --- Technology --- Composition --- Pharmaceutics.

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The first contribution reviews the occurrence of xanthine alkaloids in the plant kingdom and the elucidation of the caffeine biosynthesis pathway, providing details of the N-methyltransferases, belonging to the motif B' methyltransferase family which catalyze three steps in the four step pathway leading from xanthosine to caffeine. The second contribution in this book provides a background on the molecule and related compounds and update knowledge on the most recent advances in Iboga alkaloids. The third contribution presents a comprehensive analysis of frequently occurring errors with respect to 13C NMR spectroscopic data and proposes a straightforward protocol to eliminate a high percentage of the most obvious errors.

Medicinal chemistry. --- Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology. --- Chemistry. --- Pharmaceutical technology. --- Organic chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Medicinal Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Medical and pharmaceutical --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug chemistry --- Drugs --- Medical chemistry --- Medicinal chemistry --- Pharmacochemistry --- Chemistry --- Organic chemistry --- Pharmaceutical laboratory techniques --- Pharmaceutical laboratory technology --- Technology, Pharmaceutical --- Technology --- Physical sciences --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Pharmaceutical chemistry. --- Pharmaceutics.

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Pharmacognosy --- farmacie --- pharmacy --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- farmacologie --- Pharmacognosie --- Phytothérapie --- Materia medica, Vegetable --- Plants, Medicinal --- Phytotherapy --- methods --- Plants, Medicinal. --- Pharmacognosy. --- Materia medica, Vegetable. --- Phytothérapie --- methods. --- besmettelijke ziekten --- pharmacy [discipline]

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"Studies of comparative classroom practice in the teaching of secondary English are limited, especially when it comes to exploration of the day-to-day practice of English teachers in the secondary classroom. This book presents a case study analysis of secondary classroom practice in three countries: Canada, England and Scotland. Each country has had different degrees of state involvement within the secondary English curriculum over the last twenty years. England has had the highest degree of state involvement in that it has had several statutory national curricula and a variety of assessment regimes. Scotland has had a non- statutory curriculum and no national tests and Canada has had no national curriculum at all, with education being determined at province level, and each province varying its policies. The research adopts a case study approach involving both classroom observation and interviews with teachers. Through this, the authors explore the impact of state involvement on the reality of what happens in secondary English classrooms. The book invites readers to consider the applicability of the findings to their own contexts, to examine their own practice in the light of this and to consider the nature of the relationships between policy, personal belief and practice in the teaching of English."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

Classrooms. --- English literature --- English teachers --- Study and teaching (Secondary)