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Curzio Giannini's history of the evolution of central banks illustrates how the most relevant institutional developments have taken place at times of widespread confidence crises and in response to deflationary pressures.

Private finance --- Banks and banking, Central. --- Banques centrales --- Banking. --- Banks and banking. --- Deflation. --- Banks and banking, Central --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Banking --- History --- International finance --- Monetary policy --- Capital movements --- Foreign exchange --- Debts, External --- AA / International- internationaal --- 333.111.0 --- 332.11 --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- Investments, Foreign --- Cambistry --- Currency exchange --- Exchange, Foreign --- Foreign currency --- Foreign exchange problem --- Foreign money --- Forex --- FX (Finance) --- International exchange --- Currency crises --- Capital flight --- Capital flows --- Capital inflow --- Capital outflow --- Flight of capital --- Flow of capital --- Movements of capital --- Balance of payments --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- International monetary system --- International money --- International economic relations --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- Algemeenheden. Theoretische en beschrijvende studies. Centrale banken. --- Algemeenheden. Theoretische en beschrijvende studies. Centrale banken

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Curzio Giannini's history of the evolution of central banks illustrates how the most relevant institutional developments have taken place at times of widespread confidence crises and in response to deflationary pressures. The eminent and highly-renowned author provides an analytical perspective to study the evolution of central banking as an endogenous response to crisis and to the ever increasing needs of economic growth. The key argument of the analysis is that crucial innovations in the payment technology (from the invention of coinage to the development of electronic money) could not have

Banks and banking, Central. --- Banks and banking.

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This paper argues that many developing countries may find it difficult to buttress disinflation programs purely through the adoption of traditional credibility-enhancing devices (such as monetary anchors and central bank independence), owing to “technical problems” (for example, high instability of money demand, increased capital mobility) and an insufficient endowment of credibility in the political institutions. In these cases, borrowing credibility from an outside agency like the International Monetary Fund may be the most effective solution. The paper discusses the different options that would allow the Fund to support programs aimed not at external adjustment—the Fund’s traditional role—but at disinflation.

Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Price Level --- Deflation --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Monetary Policy --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Disinflation --- Balance of payments need --- Price stabilization --- Inflation targeting --- Prices --- Balance of payments --- Monetary policy --- Government policy --- Jamaica

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International finance