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This paper examines a two-sector aggregative growth model with human capital and educated unemployment. In the model, a tuition subsidy may lead to a long-run decline in the educated fraction of the population, because it may decrease the long-run per capita stock of physical capital in the economy, tending to reduce the output of the education sector and the incentives for workers to enroll in school. Thus, cuts in education subsidies undertaken by countries in Africa for adjustment reasons may actually lead to long-run increases in the educational attainment of their populations.

Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Education: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Demographic Economics: General --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Education --- Labour --- income economics --- Population & demography --- Investment & securities --- Labor --- Consumption --- Population and demographics --- Stocks --- National accounts --- Financial institutions --- Labor economics --- Economics --- Population --- Sierra Leone --- Income economics

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Income distribution in the Philippines is highly uneven, and poverty rates are higher than in other ASEAN countries. In addition, although the poverty rate has declined over time, the rate of decline has been lower than in other countries, and income inequality has been persistent. These facts are due to historically slow economic growth, owing in part to poor policies, as well as to past failures to reduce structural impediments to a more equal distribution of income. Despite reforms in recent years, it will likely take some time to erase the effects of past policies.

Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Education: General --- Poverty & precarity --- Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Personal income --- Income distribution --- Poverty --- Expenditure --- National accounts --- Income --- Expenditures, Public --- Philippines

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This study examines the composition of fiscal adjustment - tax and expenditure policies and administrative procedures, and some aspects of public enterprise reform - in a sample of eight countries (Bangladesh, Chile, Ghana, India, Mexico, Morocco, Senegal, and Thailand) during a period of fiscal reform (usually 1978-93), to determine whether and to what extent the fiscal reforms fostered growth during the adjustment period.

Economic policy and planning (general) --- Economic stabilization --- Fiscal policy --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- -Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- -Economic stabilization --- -338.24 <1-772> --- 339.96 --- economisch beleid --- fiscaliteit --- ontwikkelingslanden --- ontwikkelingssamenwerking --- politique fiscale --- politique economique --- pays en voie de developpement --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- BD / Bangladesh --- CL / Chile - Chili --- GH / Ghana --- IN / India - Inde --- MA / Morocco - Marokko - Maroc --- MX / Mexico - Mexique --- SE / Sweden - Zweden - Suede --- TH / Thailand - Thailande --- 336.61 --- 336.201 --- 331.33 --- 331.32 --- 330.05 --- 336.3091724 --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- Economic policy --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Case studies --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Onontwikkelde, onderontwikkelde gebieden --- Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- fiscaal beleid --- Financieel beleid. --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming. --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik. --- Structuur van de economie. --- Government policy --- Working papers --- Case studies. --- 339.96 Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- 338.24 <1-772> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Onontwikkelde, onderontwikkelde gebieden --- 338.24 <1-772> --- Structuur van de economie --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming --- Financieel beleid --- Economic stabilization - Developing countries - Case studies --- Fiscal policy - Developing countries - Case studies --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) - Developing countries --- Budgeting --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Corporate Taxation --- Labor --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Fiscal Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Budgeting & financial management --- Civil service & public sector --- Corporate & business tax --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Expenditure --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Income --- Capital spending --- Income and capital gains taxes --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- Public enterprises --- Expenditures, Public --- Income tax --- Capital investments --- Government business enterprises --- Bangladesh --- Nationalization

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With increasing fiscal challenges in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, multilateral surveillance of fiscal developments, a key part of the IMF's surveillance responsibilities, has gained further importance. In response, the Fiscal Monitor was launched in 2009 to survey and analyze the latest public finance developments, update fiscal implications of the crisis and medium-term fiscal projections, and assess policies to put public finances on a sustainable footing. The Fiscal Monitor is prepared twice a year by the IMF's Fiscal Affairs Department. The Monitor's projections are based on the same database used for the October 2010 World Economic Outlook (WEO) and Global Financial Stability Report.

Fiscal policy --- Finance, Public --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Global Economic Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Financial crises --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Public finances --- Currency question --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Forecasting --- Government policy --- Investments: Bonds --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Banks and Banking --- Fiscal Policy --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Budgeting & financial management --- Finance --- Environmental economics --- Public debt --- Fiscal consolidation --- Expenditure --- Fiscal stance --- Value-added tax --- Taxes --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Spendings tax --- Economic forecasting --- Bonds --- United States