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Afrika --- handel --- 330.05 --- 382.09676 --- Africa, Eastern --- Africa, Southern --- Southern Africa --- Eastern Africa --- Commerce. --- Foreign economic relations. --- Foreign trade. International trade --- East Africa --- Commerce --- Foreign economic relations --- Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. --- Economische landenstudies: Oost-Afrika. --- Economische landenstudies: Zuid-Afrika. --- Africa, Eastern - Commerce --- Africa, Eastern - Foreign economic relations --- Africa, Southern - Foreign economic relations --- Africa, Southern - Commerce

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This study introduces an index for measuring financial development and a set of six indices representing key characteristics of the financial systems in 38 sub-Saharan African countries. The results show that these countries have made good progress in improving and modernizing their financial systems during the last decade, particularly with regard to financial liberalization and the adoption of indirect instruments of monetary policy. In many countries, however, the range of financial products remains extremely limited, interest rate spreads are wide, capital adequacy ratios are insufficient, judicial loan recovery is a problem, and the share of nonperforming loans is large.

Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Financial sector development --- Monetary policy instruments --- Commercial banks --- Bank credit --- Credit --- Financial markets --- Monetary policy --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Financial services industry --- Banks and banking --- South Africa

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Since 2000, Armenia's economic performance has been remarkable. Real economic growth has averaged 11 percent a year, annual inflation has averaged 3 percent, and poverty and inequality have fallen. The country has outperformed other low-income countries including other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. This is particularly impressive given the geographical location of Armenia, the closure of two critical borders, and occasional political turmoil. The key factors behind Armenia's economic performance are prudent monetary and fiscal policies, liberal trade and foreign exchange regimes, rapid and relaively well-sequenced structural reforms, and support from the Armenian diaspora. In addition, the implementation of a poverty reduction strategy since 2002 has complemented the effect of economic growth on reducing poverty. This book assesses the country's economic transformation during the last 10 years and discusses the challenges to sustaining these successes.

Armenia (Republic) --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Banking --- Poverty & precarity --- Finance --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Poverty --- Commercial banks --- Financial institutions --- Securities markets --- Financial markets --- Banks and banking --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- Income distribution --- Armenia, Republic of