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Gallienus herrschte auf dem Gipfel der «Krise des 3. Jahrhunderts». Eine Gesamtdarstellung aller Aspekte seiner Herrschaft stellt ein Desiderat der Forschung dar. Der Autor versucht dies unter Auswertung v. a. literarischer, numismatischer und epigraphischer Quellen. Zu umstrittenen chronologischen Fragen wird Stellung genommen. Unter Gallienus kam es zu wichtigen Weichenstellungen im militärisch-administrativen Bereich sowie auf dem Gebiet der Herrschaftsdarstellung. Dieser Kaiser ließ viele originelle Münztypen prägen und glich sich dabei verschiedenen Gottheiten an. Das Christentum erfuhr u

Coinage --- History. --- Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius, --- Rome --- Politics and government

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Beti (alexandre biyidi, dit mongo), 1932 --- -Beti (alexandre biyidi, dit mongo), 1932-

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Since 2004 (Ethiopian Fiscal Year (EFY) 1997), Ethiopia has experienced strong and generally broad-based real economic growth of around 10.6 percent on average between then and 2011. Growth over the last nine years was far beyond the growth rates recorded in aggregate terms for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which on average only reached 5.2 percent, less than half of Ethiopia's average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate during that period. Inspired by the East Asian experiences for a comparison of selected indicators and policies of Ethiopia and China/Korea), growth was induced through a mix of factors including agricultural modernization, the development of new export sectors, strong global commodity demand, and government-led development investments. The initial double digits growth rates have now manifested slightly lower but remain at high single-digit levels. The economy is expected to stabilize at around seven to eight percent in 2012, largely owing to improved performance in the agriculture sector. GDP growth is likely to stay around that margin up until 2016 (EFY 2008) driven by rising foreign investment and exports (Economist Intelligence Unit 2012). High inflation persists, but is on a slightly decreasing trend. Economic growth brought with it positive trends in reducing poverty, in both urban and rural areas. Ethiopia follows a strategy of increasing exports to facilitate growth. This is appropriate given the currently limited size of its domestic market and it is consistent with the development experience of some of the recently successful countries, particularly in East Asia. Export of goods growth is to a good extent driven by volume growth across a variety of product groups, which indicates that this growth is a result of recent efforts to increase and diversify the export base. Overall export and import developments result in a significantly increased trade deficit by 43 percent, up from USD 5.5 billion in 2010/11 to USD 7.9 billion.

Agriculture --- Analysis of Economic Growth --- Consumers --- Debt --- Depreciation --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Economic Development --- Economic Forecasting --- Economic Growth --- Economic Management --- Export Competitiveness --- Export Development and Competitiveness --- Financial Development --- Financial Management --- Fiscal & Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Policy --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gdp --- Globalization --- Gross Domestic Product --- Household Income --- Human Capital --- Income Inequality --- Income Tax --- Industrialization --- Inflation --- Insurance --- Investment Climate --- Labor Market --- Living Standards --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Forces --- Marketing --- Monetary Policy --- Per Capita Income --- Population Growth --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Price Volatility --- Private Investment --- Property Rights --- Public Debt --- Public Investment --- Purchasing Power --- Savings --- Savings Rate --- Slowdown --- Surplus --- Tax Reform --- Trade and Integration --- Transaction Costs --- Wages --- World Development Indicators --- World Trade Organization

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Ghana has experienced a decade of solid and exceptionally high growth. Between 2005 and 2015, income nearly doubled. This paper analyzes the factors driving this impressive growth performance, using tools such as structural change decompositions and growth regressions. For the comparative perspective, the paper compares Ghana with its structural and aspirational peers. The paper finds that the contribution of structural change to growth has been limited and attributes this to labor that was freed up in agriculture not being absorbed by high-productivity sectors. Looking at factors that drove growth since 2000, financial development and infrastructure had the most important impacts. A benchmark analysis suggests that those areas should remain the policy focus over the longer term, but that near-term priority should be given to stabilization policies.

Agriculture --- Business cycles and stabilization policies --- Common carriers industry --- Construction industry --- Determinants of growth --- Economic growth --- Food and beverage industry --- Food security --- General manufacturing --- Inflation --- International economics and trade --- International trade and trade rules --- Labor markets --- Plastics and rubber industry --- Pulp and paper industry --- Social protections and labor --- Structural change --- Textiles apparel and leather industry