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The purpose of this volume is to present a snapshot of the state of the art of research on the languages of the Maltese islands, which include spoken Maltese, Maltese English and Maltese Sign Language. Malta is a tiny, but densely populated country, with over 422,000 inhabitants spread over only 316 square kilometers. It is a bilingual country, with Maltese and English enjoying the status of official languages. Maltese is a descendant of Arabic, but due to the history of the island, it has borrowed extensively from Sicilian, Italian and English. Furthermore, local dialects still coexist alongside the official standard language. The status of English as a second language dates back to British colonial rule, and just as in other former British colonies, a characteristic Maltese variety of English has developed. To these languages must be added Maltese Sign Language, which is the language of the Maltese Deaf community. This was recently recognised as Malta’s third official language by an act of Parliament in 2016.

Lingüística --- Malta --- Language and languages. --- Dēmokratia tēs Maltas --- Government of Malta --- Gvern ta̕ Malta --- Gweriniaeth Malta --- Malta Vabariik --- Mālṭah --- Malte --- Maltese Islands --- Maltská republika --- Maruta --- Melita --- Repubblika taʼ Malta --- Republic of Malta --- República de Malta --- Republik Malta --- Republika Malta --- Rėspublika Malʹta --- State of Malta --- Μάλτα --- Δημοκρατία της Μάλτας --- Рэспубліка Мальта --- Република Малта --- Малта --- Мальта --- مالطة --- マルタ --- Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics --- Language arts --- Communication arts --- Communication --- Study and teaching --- Linguistics --- Maltese language --- Syllable --- Vowel

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To communicate, speakers need to make it clear what they are talking about. Referring expressions play a crucial part in achieving this, by anchoring utterances to things. Examples of referring expressions include noun phrases such as “this phenomenon”, “it” and “the phenomenon to which this Topic is devoted”. Reference is studied throughout the Cognitive Sciences (from philosophy and logic to neuro-psychology, computer science and linguistics), because it is thought to lie at the core of all of communication. Recent years have seen a new wave of work on models of referring, as witnessed by a number of recent research projects, books, and journal Special Issues. The Research Topic “Models of Reference” in Frontiers in Psychology is a new milestone, focusing on contributions from Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics. The articles in it are concerned with such issues as audience design, overspecification, visual perception, and variation between speakers.

Communication --- Psychological aspects. --- Over-specification --- Variation between Speakers --- referring expressions --- Computational models --- audience design --- Visual Perception

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Welcome to EVALITA 2020! EVALITA is the evaluation campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. EVALITA is an initiative of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC, http://www.ai-lc.it) and it is endorsed by the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA, http://www.aixia.it) and the Italian Association for Speech Sciences (AISV, http://www.aisv.it).

Language & Linguistics --- EVALITA --- COVID-19 Infodemic --- linguistica computazionale --- Automatic Misogyny Identification --- Misogyny on Twitter Posts --- AlBERTo --- Convolutional Neural Network --- BERT Model --- Hate Speech Detection --- Multimodal Meme Detection --- MEME management --- Language Game ``La Ghigliottina'' --- Language Game ``La