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Iconografie --- 19e eeuw --- België

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Antisemitism has risen again in many countries since the beginning of the 21st century. Jew-hatred and discrimination against Jews have a long tradition both in Christianity and Islam. In the 19th century, animosity against Judaism gave way to nationalistic and racist motives. People like Wilhelm Marr called themselves antisemites to distinguish themselves from those who despised Jews for religious reasons. Today, Jews are often attacked in the name of human rights. They are accused of supporting crimes against humanity allegedly committed by the Jewish State. However, many religious motifs of Jew-hatred, such as the accusation of killing Christ or the accusation of falsifying Islamic scripture, are still relevant today, and perhaps increasingly so in some denominations. Other religious tropes have been secularized, such as the accusation of ritual murder of Christian children that has been transformed into the accusation of purposeful killings of Palestinian children. What role do religious motifs play in the resurgence of antisemitism in the 21st century, be it directly in religious forms, or indirectly in secularized ways?

Antisemitism. --- Religion --- History --- דת --- الدين --- Anti-Jewish attitudes --- Anti-Semitism --- Ethnic relations --- Prejudices --- Philosemitism --- אנטישמיות --- اللاسامية --- היסטוריה --- التاريخ --- Antisemitism --- Addresses, essays, lectures --- Presbyterian church --- Zionism --- BDS --- chosenness --- covenant --- Islam --- Arab–Israeli conflict --- anti-Zionism --- Judeophobia --- anti-Judaism --- antisemitism --- Muslim --- Islamic --- Islamist --- Islamism --- Jewish --- Jews --- South Asia --- India --- Pakistan --- Islamic State --- ISIS --- anti-Semitism --- anti-Shiism --- terrorism --- genocide --- radicalization --- Palestine --- Israel --- Christianity --- religiosity --- Hungary --- quantitative analysis --- Eliade --- history of religions --- traditionalism --- alt-right --- religious antisemitism --- supersessionism --- replacement theory --- Bowers --- Poway --- Pittsburgh --- Jersey --- Black Hebrew Israelites

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Using household survey data, this paper estimates the mortality impact of improved water and sanitation access in order to evaluate the potential contribution of water and sanitation investment toward achieving the child mortality targets defined in Millennium Development Goal 4. The authors find that the average mortality reduction achievable by investment in water and sanitation infrastructure is 25 deaths per 1,000 children born across countries, a difference that accounts for about 40 percent of the gap between current child mortality rates and the 2015 target set in the Millennium Development Goals. According to the estimates, full household coverage with water and sanitation infrastructure could lead to a total reduction of 2.2 million child deaths per year in the developing world. Combining this analysis with cost data for water and sanitation infrastructure, the authors estimate that the average cost per life-year saved ranges between 65 and 80 percent of developing countries' annual gross domestic product per capita. The results suggest that investment in water and sanitation is a highly cost-effective policy option, even when only the mortality benefits are taken into consideration. Taking into account the additional expected benefits, such as reduced morbidity, time spending, and environmental hazards, would further increase the benefit-cost ratio.

Child Mortality --- Cost-Effective Policy --- Environmental Hazards --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Sanitation Infrastructure --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Accessibility --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions