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Zonder onderwerpscode: financiewezen

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This paper analyzes the empirical relationship between fiscal policy and the trade account. Research prior to this paper did not consider that the components of private and public demand in the import demand equation exhibit different elasticities. Using pooled mean group estimation for annual panel data of the G-7 countries for the years 1970 through 2002, we provide empirical evidence that the composition of overall demand-i.e., the distribution among public demand, private demand, and export demand-has an impact on the magnitude of the trade account deficit.

Balance of trade -- Econometric models. --- Demand (Economic theory) -- Econometric models. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Expenditures, Public -- Econometric models. --- Fiscal policy -- Econometric models. --- Imports -- Econometric models. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Commerce - General --- Balance of trade --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Expenditures, Public --- Fiscal policy --- Imports --- Econometric models. --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Deficits, Trade --- Trade, Balance of --- Trade balance --- Trade deficits --- Trade surpluses --- Surpluses, Trade --- Government policy --- International trade --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- Supply and demand --- Production (Economic theory) --- Balance of payments --- Mercantile system --- Payment --- Exports and Imports --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Private consumption --- Private investment --- Exports --- Consumption --- Economics --- Saving and investment --- Japan

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Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can appeal to governments because they offer a new way of providing public services that is possibly more efficient than traditional public finance. But they can also appeal to governments because they allow new investments to be undertaken without any immediate increase in reported government spending or debt. This second motive for using PPPs rests largely on an illusion, because in the absence of efficiency gains (which are probably small relative to the total cost of the project), PPPs and publicly financed projects have a similar long-run effect on public finances. In some PPPs, the government defers payment, but ultimately must still pay the full cost of the project. In others, it concedes the right to collect user fees, and thus loses revenue it would have collected if the project had been financed traditionally.

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There are now increasing concerns about the need to upgrade public infrastructure, improve the delivery of public services, and explore new options for partnering with the private sector. This book looks at ways of strengthening the efficiency of public investment and managing the fiscal risks of public-private partnerships.

PPS --- 440 Openbare werken --- 400 Overheid --- Public investments. --- Public-private sector cooperation. --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Investissements publics --- Partenariat public-privé --- Infrastructures de transport --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Private-public partnerships --- Private-public sector cooperation --- Public-private partnerships --- Public-private sector collaboration --- Government investments --- Investments, Public --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Cooperation --- Expenditures, Public --- Investments --- Capital budget --- Economic development projects --- Investment of public funds --- Finance --- Banks and banking. --- Welfare economics. --- Macroeconomics. --- Economics. --- Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Banking. --- Economics --- Economic policy --- Social policy --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Public investments --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice/Political Economy.

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In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, governments around the world announced unprecedented fiscal packages to address the economic impact of the crisis. The unusually large scale of the packages was accompanied by widespread calls for “greening” them to meet the dual goals of economic recovery and environmental sustainability. In response, several researchers and international organizations attempted to assess the “greenness” of the fiscal policy response of the world’s largest economies. This paper takes stock of the contributions made by these various trackers, identifies strengths and weaknesses of their methodologies, and draws lessons for assessing the climate impact of fiscal policy going forward. It finds that: trackers provided useful assessments of the (generally low) level of greenness and raised awareness; trackers’ methodologies, while valid and innovative, varied significantly with some important, if currently largely unavoidable, weaknesses; and the way forward should involve tracking the greenness of entire government budgets, rather than just their response to the COVID-19 crisis.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Diseases: Contagious --- Public Finance --- Valuation of Environmental Effects --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Environmental Economics: General --- Health Behavior --- Fiscal Policy --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Climate change --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Environmental economics --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Environment --- Climate policy --- Environmental policy --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Environmental sciences --- Greenhouse gases --- Climatic changes --- Communicable diseases --- France