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Zonder onderwerpscode: financiewezen

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There are now increasing concerns about the need to upgrade public infrastructure, improve the delivery of public services, and explore new options for partnering with the private sector. This book looks at ways of strengthening the efficiency of public investment and managing the fiscal risks of public-private partnerships.

PPS --- 440 Openbare werken --- 400 Overheid --- Public investments. --- Public-private sector cooperation. --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Investissements publics --- Partenariat public-privé --- Infrastructures de transport --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Private-public partnerships --- Private-public sector cooperation --- Public-private partnerships --- Public-private sector collaboration --- Government investments --- Investments, Public --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Cooperation --- Expenditures, Public --- Investments --- Capital budget --- Economic development projects --- Investment of public funds --- Finance --- Banks and banking. --- Welfare economics. --- Macroeconomics. --- Economics. --- Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Banking. --- Economics --- Economic policy --- Social policy --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Public investments --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice/Political Economy.

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Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can appeal to governments because they offer a new way of providing public services that is possibly more efficient than traditional public finance. But they can also appeal to governments because they allow new investments to be undertaken without any immediate increase in reported government spending or debt. This second motive for using PPPs rests largely on an illusion, because in the absence of efficiency gains (which are probably small relative to the total cost of the project), PPPs and publicly financed projects have a similar long-run effect on public finances. In some PPPs, the government defers payment, but ultimately must still pay the full cost of the project. In others, it concedes the right to collect user fees, and thus loses revenue it would have collected if the project had been financed traditionally.

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Cabo Verde faces development challenges from multiple structural factors, including insularity, territorial discontinuity, fragility of ecosystems, and scarcity of natural resources, namely water and arable land. Climate change implications are amplifying these challenges. As an island extension of the arid Sahel zone, Cabo Verde faces severe water shortage, which the country addresses more and more through energy intensive desalination, using electricity produced largely by thermal power plants, which depend entirely on imported fossil fuels. The resulting high energy prices directly impact the cost of water production. In conjunction with climate change induced aridity, the energy-water-climate nexus presents the core development challenge for the country.

Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Alternative Energy Sources --- Climate change --- Climate policy --- Climate --- Climatic changes --- Energy --- Energy: Government Policy --- Environment --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Environmental management --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental policy --- Global Warming --- Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Government Policy --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International institutions --- International organization --- International Organizations --- International Trade Organizations --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary policy --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Public finance & taxation --- Renewable energy sources --- Renewable energy --- Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Sustainable Development --- Tariff --- Tariffs --- Taxation --- Taxes --- Trade Policy --- Cabo Verde

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In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, governments around the world announced unprecedented fiscal packages to address the economic impact of the crisis. The unusually large scale of the packages was accompanied by widespread calls for “greening” them to meet the dual goals of economic recovery and environmental sustainability. In response, several researchers and international organizations attempted to assess the “greenness” of the fiscal policy response of the world’s largest economies. This paper takes stock of the contributions made by these various trackers, identifies strengths and weaknesses of their methodologies, and draws lessons for assessing the climate impact of fiscal policy going forward. It finds that: trackers provided useful assessments of the (generally low) level of greenness and raised awareness; trackers’ methodologies, while valid and innovative, varied significantly with some important, if currently largely unavoidable, weaknesses; and the way forward should involve tracking the greenness of entire government budgets, rather than just their response to the COVID-19 crisis.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Diseases: Contagious --- Public Finance --- Valuation of Environmental Effects --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Environmental Economics: General --- Health Behavior --- Fiscal Policy --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Climate change --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Environmental economics --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Environment --- Climate policy --- Environmental policy --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Environmental sciences --- Greenhouse gases --- Climatic changes --- Communicable diseases --- France