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The effectiveness and morality of the use of armed drones as the central tool of US counterterrorism efforts are the subject of ongoing international debate. This eye-opening assessment reveals that the concept of waging war against terrorists with remotely piloted drones dates back to the Reagan administration, more than two decades before the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. The author's striking analysis traces the development of the CIA's covert drone program from the Reagan through the Obama administrations. Making extensive use of leaked documents, he uncovers why, despite the controversies associated with them, the CIA's drones became the United States' preferred weapon for pursuing the decades-old goal of preemptively targeting anti-American terrorists around the world.
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An illuminating study tracing the evolution of drone technology and counterterrorism policy from the Reagan to the Obama administrations This eye-opening study uncovers the history of the most important instrument of U.S. counterterrorism today: the armed drone. It reveals that, contrary to popular belief, the CIA's covert drone program is not a product of 9/11. Rather, it is the result of U.S. counterterrorism practices extending back to an influential group of policy makers in the Reagan administration. Tracing the evolution of counterterrorism policy and drone technology from the fallout of Iran-Contra and the CIA's "Eagle Program" prototype in the mid-1980s to the emergence of al-Qaeda, Fuller shows how George W. Bush and Obama built upon or discarded strategies from the Reagan and Clinton eras as they responded to changes in the partisan environment, the perceived level of threat, and technological advances. Examining a range of counterterrorism strategies, he reveals why the CIA's drones became the United States' preferred tool for pursuing the decades-old goal of preemptively targeting anti-American terrorists around the world.
Drone aircraft --- Drones (Aircraft) --- Pilotless aircraft --- Remotely piloted aircraft --- UAVs (Unmanned aerial vehicles) --- Unmanned aerial vehicles --- Flying-machines --- Vehicles, Remotely piloted --- Airplanes --- Government policy --- Radio control --- United States. --- Agjencia Qendrore e Inteligjencës --- Central Intelligence Agency (U.S.) --- CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) --- CIP (United States. Centrālās izlūkošanas pārvalde) --- Mei-kuo chung yang chʻing pao ch --- National Security Council (U.S.). --- Si Aing Ei --- T͡Sentralʹnoe razvedyvatelʹnoe upravlenie SShA --- T͡SRU SShA --- T͡SRU (T͡Sentralʹnoe razvedyvatelʹnoe upravlenie SShA) --- National Security Council (U.S.) --- Mei-kuo chung yang chʻing pao chü --- T︠S︡entralʹnoe razvedyvatelʹnoe upravlenie SShA --- T︠S︡RU SShA --- T︠S︡RU (T︠S︡entralʹnoe razvedyvatelʹnoe upravlenie SShA) --- ЦРУ США --- ЦРУ (Центральное разведывательное управление США) --- Центральное разведывательное управление США --- ארצות הברית. --- 美國. --- Terrorism --- Prevention. --- Anti-terrorism --- Antiterrorism --- Counter-terrorism --- Counterterrorism
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"The threat posed by the recent rise of transnational non-state armed groups does not fit easily within either of the two basic paradigms for state responses to violence. The crime paradigm focuses on the interception of demonstrable immediate threats to the safety of others. Its aim is to protect specific persons and members of the general public from violence by identifiable individuals, who may be acting alone or in concert. In pursuit of this aim, the state uses police operations and the criminal justice system. Both of these tools are governed by human rights principles that significantly constrain state power. A state may not restrict liberty unless it has demonstrable evidence that an individual may pose a danger to others. It may not use force if other means will be effective to stop a threat. If using force is unavoidable, it must be the minimum amount necessary. Furthermore, a state generally may not take life unless no other measure will intercept an immediate threat to life"--
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De l’assemblage rudimentaire de quelques pierres blanchies assignées aux terroirs et aux lignées locales jusqu’à l’architecture monumentale des grands sites où culminent à la fois les pèlerinages et les fêtes tutélaires, le culte des images divines s’apparente partout en Inde à une commune représentation de l’espace. Que vise cette représentation et quelle est sa nature ? Quelles relations entretient-elle avec le temps ? Peut-on prétendre que le polythéisme et la caste y assignent des limites dont les cosmogonies et le calendrier des rites réitèreraient l’inscription ? En quoi la description d’un temple, de son panthéon et de sa prêtrise est-elle suffisante pour épuiser les caractères d’un espace que tout concourt à regarder comme une aire d’autorité définie par un réseau de lieux saints où s’associent les images de divinités souveraines et de rois avatars ? Comment se lie alors le pouvoir temporel des castes dominantes et des dynasties lorsque le territoire se donne comme unité de culte ? Quels sont les rôles de la liturgie et du clergé lorsque les temples s’adjoignent des fondations spirituelles d’ordre sectaire ? Quelle est enfin l’incidence des dominations étrangères sur cette configuration hindoue ? Telles sont les principales questions qui nourrissent ici le propos de ce double recueil. L’analyse des textes, la critique historique, les descriptions ethnographiques s’y mobilisent pour en interroger l’actualité et les valeurs.
Religion --- Anthropology --- littérature --- mythologie --- pèlerinage --- temple --- prêtrise
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