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These findings suggest that an increased specific-action potential for specific innate motor patterns results from maintaining gilts in housing with minimal amounts of maneuvering and interaction room

Behavior. --- Gilts. --- Housing. --- Innate. --- Interaction. --- Open field. --- Open-field test. --- Open-field. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Pig. --- Test.

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Ability. --- Horse. --- Orientation. --- Preference. --- Transport.

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The behavior of two tigers (Panthera tigris) individually caged and transported once for 4.25 h and the behavior of four tigers that were transported twice for 4.2 and 4.5 h while caged as a group was analyzed. The tigers were videotaped during transport and the amount of time spent pacing, lying, and standing and walking was determined. Environmental conditions encountered during the trips, as well as tiger body temperature, were recorded at 5 min intervals during transport. Tigers that had access to an exercise pen and performed previous to transport spent most of their transport session lying down. Only toward the end of the trip did they exhibit pacing behavior. In contrast, those tigers that had not performed within a half day before transport and had no access to an exercise pen exhibited more frequent pacing behavior throughout transport. While slight rises in body temperature did coincide with some instances of pacing, increases in body temperature by one degree or more were most likely attributable to exertion during performances before transport. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Access. --- Behavior. --- Body temperature. --- Body-temperature. --- Boxes. --- Circus. --- Exercise. --- Group. --- Horses. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Lying down. --- Lying. --- Pacing. --- Pen. --- Performance. --- Pigs. --- Standing. --- Stress. --- Temperature. --- Tigers. --- Time. --- Transport. --- Walking.

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Several studies have attempted to determine the effects of orientation on a horse's ability to maintain balance during transportation. The results have often been contradictory because of differences in trailer design and lack of simultaneous comparisons. In this study, three replications of two forward-facing and two rear-facing horses were transported at the same time over a standardized course to allow for simultaneous comparisons. Each animal's total forward and backward motion during transport was calculated to estimate the effect of orientation on the horses' ability to maintain balance. The course consisted of four laps around a 3.6-km rectangular course, each lap reversing direction, totaling 14.4 km. To mimic realistic travel, the course had artificial bumps, three turns (90 degrees, 45 degrees, and 135 degrees), five straight-aways, and a hard stop at the end of each lap. Four horses were transported over the course in 3.7 m x 2.4 nt stalls mounted in-line on a 16-m long commercial straight-deck trailer (16 wheels). At the end of the first run (four laps), the orientation of each horse, two forward and two rear-facing, was reversed for a second run. Twelve horses were transported in each of the two orientations. Movement was recorded using video cameras positioned perpendicular to the horse's side. Movement while forward-facing ranged from 4.75 to 34.48 m, averaging 12.95 m; when rear-facing, movement ranged from 8.13 to 35.21 m, averaging 16.99 m, and was not statistically influenced by orientation (P = 0.1219) due to high variation. Certain horses did demonstrate a superior ability to maintain balance in a particular orientation. Thus individual characteristics and other factors may play a larger role than orientation alone in the ability of horses to maintain balance during transport. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Ability. --- Animal transport. --- Animal. --- Artificial. --- Boxes. --- Design. --- Direction. --- Heart-rate. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Motion. --- Movement. --- Orientation balance. --- Orientation. --- Play. --- Stress. --- Time. --- Trailer. --- Transport. --- Transportation stress. --- Variation. --- Video.

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Heart rate. --- Heart-rate. --- Housing. --- Pig. --- Swine. --- System. --- Telemetry.