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The high demand for advanced metallic materials raises the need for an extensive recycling of metals and such a sustainable use of raw materials. ""Sustainable Utilization of Metals - Processing, Recovery and Recycling"" comprises the latest scientific achievements in efficient production of metals and such addresses sustainable resource use as part of the circular economy strategy. This policy drives the present contributions, aiming on the recirculation of EoL-streams such as Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), multi-metal alloys or composite materials back into metal production. This needs a holistic approach, resulting in the maximal avoidance of waste. Considering both aspects, circular economy and material design, recovery and use of minor metals play an essential role, since their importance for technological applications often goes along with a lack of supply on the world market. Additionally, their ignoble character and low concentration in recycling materials cause an insufficient recycling rate of these metals, awarding them the status of “critical metals”. In order to minimize losses and energy consumption, this issue explores concepts for the optimization concerning the interface between mechanical and thermal pre-treatment and metallurgical processes. Such new approaches in material design, structural engineering and substitution are provided in the chapters.

n/a --- tramp element --- reuse --- titanium recovery --- smartphone --- electrolytic manganese --- chemical equilibrium diagram --- thermodynamics --- displays --- selective extraction --- negative activation energy --- rare earths --- precipitation --- yttrium --- melting behavior --- zinc --- Bayer process --- silver leaching --- lanthanum --- steel scrap --- waste utilization --- super-gravity --- solvent extraction --- scandium --- magnesium --- gravity separation --- dynamic material flow model --- electrolytic lodes and scrapings --- enrichment of Ti --- ammonium scandium hexafluoride --- carbothermal reduction --- simultaneous recovery --- karst bauxite --- fines --- vanadium --- silver --- oxygen-depolarized cathodes --- ionic liquids --- flotation --- steelmaking dust --- aluminium purification --- zinc recycling --- physical separation --- manganese --- intermetallic formation --- gold --- aluminum alloy --- copper --- slag valorization --- reduction of Co --- NMC batteries --- process development --- REE–Nb–Fe ore --- bauxite residue --- hydrometallurgy --- Zinc --- polythermal section --- alkaline leaching --- electric arc furnace --- neodymium --- environmentally friendly process --- electrodeposition --- volatilization --- characterization --- rheorefining --- Li-ion battery --- anti-solvent crystallization --- basic oxygen furnace --- Bayan Obo --- selective precipitation --- pyrolysis --- WPCBs --- cold-bonded briquettes --- separation --- battery pre-treatment --- dysprosium --- dust --- metal recovery --- pyrometallurgy --- thermal treatment --- jarosite --- lifetime of steel --- leaching --- rare-earths --- sustainable development --- industry sector --- closed-loop circulation --- circular economy --- iron removal --- kinetics --- polishing waste --- material flow analysis --- cerium --- rare earth elements --- recycling potential --- halogenation --- ultra-high purity --- cryogenic pre-treatment --- Tin recovery --- refining --- WPCB --- desulfurization --- spent catalysts --- trace elements --- dimethyl sulfoxide --- vacuum distillation --- industrial residue --- condensation --- glass polishing waste --- flash smelting --- red mud --- microwave assisted pyrolysis --- NdFeB magnets --- cavitation --- sludge --- cementation --- indium --- metallurgy --- recycling --- gallium --- copper removal --- jarosite residue --- preparation for recovery --- laterites --- scandium recovery --- blast furnace --- circulation --- recycling rate --- REE-Nb-Fe ore

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Advances in synthesis of metallic, oxidic and composite powders were presented via the following methods: ultrasound-assisted leaching¸ ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, ball milling, molten salt electrolysis, galvanostatic electrolysis, hydrogen reduction, thermochemical decomposition, inductively coupled thermal plasma, precipitation and high pressure carbonation in an autoclave. This Special Issue contains 17 papers from Europe, Asia, Australia, South Africa and the Balkans. The synthesis was focused on metals: Co, Cu; Re; oxides: ZnO, MgO, SiO2; V2O5; sulfides: MoS2, core shell material: Cu-Al2O3, Pt/TiO2; compounds: Ca0.75Ce0.25ZrTi2O7, Mo5Si3, Ti6Al4V. The environmentally friendly strategies were presented at the carbonation of olivine, treatment of acid mine drainage water and production of vanadium oxide.

Research & information: general --- Ti6Al4V --- HDH --- powder metallurgy --- powder synthesis --- ZnO --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- influential parameters --- formation mechanism --- structure --- morphologies --- characterization --- TEM --- HRTEM --- Mo silicide --- Mo5Si3 --- spheroidizing --- powder --- inductively coupled thermal plasma --- MgCO3-powder --- synthesis --- CO2- absorption --- olivine carbonation --- autoclave --- thermal decomposition --- CO2 utilization --- vanadium precipitation --- vanadium oxides --- vanadium-bearing shale --- vanadium strip liquor --- copper --- electrolysis --- hydrogen --- SEM --- XRD --- PSD --- tribology materials --- tungsten disulfide --- tungsten trioxide --- silica --- precipitation --- uranium --- zirconolite --- brannerite --- betafite --- leaching --- kinetics --- acid mine drainage --- iron --- aluminium --- coagulation --- water treatment --- electrocatalysis --- supported Pt nanoparticles --- Pt/TiO2 synthesis --- Titanium oxide colloid --- acid mine drainage (AMD) --- flotation tailings --- AMD neutralization --- metals’ precipitation --- polluted site remediation --- synergy of processes --- Al-Ti alloy --- electrochemical co-deposition --- chloroaluminate melt --- ammonium perrhenate --- rhenium --- disproportionation reaction --- hydrogen reduction --- oxide --- nanocomposites --- alumina --- thermochemistry --- polycrystalline diamond --- cobalt --- ultrasound --- aqua regia --- polycrystalline diamond blanks

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Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). In hydrometallurgy, the aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 100 °C and under a high pressure (40-50 bar) and high temperature (below 270°C) in an autoclave. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using a liquid/liquid process (solvent extraction in mixer-settler) and solid–liquid (filtration in filter-press under high pressure). Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a solid crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using electrochemical methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for rare earth elements and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and microwave-assisted leaching, can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders.

zirconium --- eudialyte --- hydrometallurgy --- basic sulfate precipitation --- macroporous polymer --- goethite --- factorial design --- desorption --- tailings reprocessing --- early stage cost estimation --- magnetic separation --- leaching --- flotation --- silica --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- synthesis --- acid mine drainage --- red mud --- neutralization --- immobilization --- precipitation --- nitinol --- continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod --- atomic layer deposition --- corrosion properties --- potentiodynamic test --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- rare earth elements --- recycling --- NdFeB --- magnet --- non-ferrous metals --- cavitation erosion --- optical microscopy --- electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- aluminium --- thin-layer electrolysis --- molten salts --- halides --- capillary cell --- electrorefining --- non-commercial copper anode --- waste solution --- high content --- Ni --- Pb --- Sn --- Sb --- passivation --- anode slime --- pentlandite --- oxidation --- reaction mechanism --- phase analysis --- silver --- copper --- nanoparticles --- antibacterial --- MnO2 --- cobalt oxide Co3O4 --- perovskite materials --- oxygen reduction in alkaline media --- electrocatalyst --- Pt catalyst --- nanocomposite --- mixed oxides --- NiAl2O4 --- ZnAl2O4 --- electrocatalysis --- nanocatalyst --- noble metal nanoparticles --- leachate --- metal ions extraction --- selectivity --- Fe removal --- electrodeposition --- conductometry --- n/a

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Advances in synthesis of metallic, oxidic and composite powders were presented via the following methods: ultrasound-assisted leaching¸ ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, ball milling, molten salt electrolysis, galvanostatic electrolysis, hydrogen reduction, thermochemical decomposition, inductively coupled thermal plasma, precipitation and high pressure carbonation in an autoclave. This Special Issue contains 17 papers from Europe, Asia, Australia, South Africa and the Balkans. The synthesis was focused on metals: Co, Cu; Re; oxides: ZnO, MgO, SiO2; V2O5; sulfides: MoS2, core shell material: Cu-Al2O3, Pt/TiO2; compounds: Ca0.75Ce0.25ZrTi2O7, Mo5Si3, Ti6Al4V. The environmentally friendly strategies were presented at the carbonation of olivine, treatment of acid mine drainage water and production of vanadium oxide.

Research & information: general --- Ti6Al4V --- HDH --- powder metallurgy --- powder synthesis --- ZnO --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- influential parameters --- formation mechanism --- structure --- morphologies --- characterization --- TEM --- HRTEM --- Mo silicide --- Mo5Si3 --- spheroidizing --- powder --- inductively coupled thermal plasma --- MgCO3-powder --- synthesis --- CO2- absorption --- olivine carbonation --- autoclave --- thermal decomposition --- CO2 utilization --- vanadium precipitation --- vanadium oxides --- vanadium-bearing shale --- vanadium strip liquor --- copper --- electrolysis --- hydrogen --- SEM --- XRD --- PSD --- tribology materials --- tungsten disulfide --- tungsten trioxide --- silica --- precipitation --- uranium --- zirconolite --- brannerite --- betafite --- leaching --- kinetics --- acid mine drainage --- iron --- aluminium --- coagulation --- water treatment --- electrocatalysis --- supported Pt nanoparticles --- Pt/TiO2 synthesis --- Titanium oxide colloid --- acid mine drainage (AMD) --- flotation tailings --- AMD neutralization --- metals’ precipitation --- polluted site remediation --- synergy of processes --- Al-Ti alloy --- electrochemical co-deposition --- chloroaluminate melt --- ammonium perrhenate --- rhenium --- disproportionation reaction --- hydrogen reduction --- oxide --- nanocomposites --- alumina --- thermochemistry --- polycrystalline diamond --- cobalt --- ultrasound --- aqua regia --- polycrystalline diamond blanks --- Ti6Al4V --- HDH --- powder metallurgy --- powder synthesis --- ZnO --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- influential parameters --- formation mechanism --- structure --- morphologies --- characterization --- TEM --- HRTEM --- Mo silicide --- Mo5Si3 --- spheroidizing --- powder --- inductively coupled thermal plasma --- MgCO3-powder --- synthesis --- CO2- absorption --- olivine carbonation --- autoclave --- thermal decomposition --- CO2 utilization --- vanadium precipitation --- vanadium oxides --- vanadium-bearing shale --- vanadium strip liquor --- copper --- electrolysis --- hydrogen --- SEM --- XRD --- PSD --- tribology materials --- tungsten disulfide --- tungsten trioxide --- silica --- precipitation --- uranium --- zirconolite --- brannerite --- betafite --- leaching --- kinetics --- acid mine drainage --- iron --- aluminium --- coagulation --- water treatment --- electrocatalysis --- supported Pt nanoparticles --- Pt/TiO2 synthesis --- Titanium oxide colloid --- acid mine drainage (AMD) --- flotation tailings --- AMD neutralization --- metals’ precipitation --- polluted site remediation --- synergy of processes --- Al-Ti alloy --- electrochemical co-deposition --- chloroaluminate melt --- ammonium perrhenate --- rhenium --- disproportionation reaction --- hydrogen reduction --- oxide --- nanocomposites --- alumina --- thermochemistry --- polycrystalline diamond --- cobalt --- ultrasound --- aqua regia --- polycrystalline diamond blanks