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The services sector is increasingly important for the euro area economy, but productivity growth in the sector has stalled over the past two decades. Remaining barriers to cross-border trade in services within the EU Single Market contribute to this weak performance. Our empirical analysis suggests that slow progress in tackling these barriers is associated with political economy factors such as weak government support in parliaments, low government efficiency and high markups. To remove the cross-border restrictions on services trade, we suggest combining incentives such as financial support, technical assistance and improved communication on barriers with more effective enforcement.

Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Industries: Service --- Production and Operations Management --- Industry Studies: Services: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Services sector --- Trade in services --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Productivity --- Trade liberalization --- Economic sectors --- International trade --- Revenue administration --- Production --- Service industries --- Balance of trade --- Revenue --- Industrial productivity --- Commercial policy --- United States

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This paper discusses sectoral policies needed to achieve the ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets announced in the European Union’s Green Deal, complementing the companion paper “EU Climate Mitigation Policy”, which focuses on broader EU-level policies. With total emissions nearly a quarter below their 1990 level, the EU has made important progress, but the new goals will require much stronger policy action. Moreover, progress has varied across sectors. Emissions from power and industry have fallen by about a third, buildings by a quarter and agriculture by a fifth – while transport emissions have risen. This paper argues that this divergence reflects differences in effective carbon prices, but also cost differences among the available abatement channels, market imperfections, and policy gaps. It discusses specific sectoral policies needed to address these factors and achieve the new emissions reduction goals.

Climate change mitigation --- Environmental policy --- Climat --- Environnement --- Climate change mitigation. --- Environmental policy. --- Changements --- Atténuation --- Politique gouvernementale --- European Union countries. --- Infrastructure --- Taxation --- International Economics --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Energy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Alternative Energy Sources --- Climate change --- Macroeconomics --- Public finance & taxation --- International institutions --- Environmental management --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Transportation --- Carbon tax --- International organization --- Renewable energy --- Environment --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Greenhouse gases --- Saving and investment --- Environmental impact charges --- Renewable energy sources --- International relation --- United Kingdom

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This book builds on a year-long discussion with a group of academics, policy-makers and industry experts to provide a long-term contribution to the Capital Markets Union project, launched by the European Commission in 2015. It identifies 36 cross-border barriers to capital markets integration and provides an organic plan, consisting of 33 policy recommendations, to relaunch EU financial integration. These aim to improve the key components of cross-border capital market transactions.

Capital market --- Europe --- Economic integration.