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AA / International- internationaal --- 336.201 --- 380.23 --- 336.204 --- Proceedings presented at the VIIIth Munich Symposium on International Taxation, Munich, 3 July 1989. --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming. --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen. --- weerslag, invloed, last en verdeling van de belasting. --- Capital movements --- Competition, International --- International trade --- Investments, Foreign --- Taxation --- Congresses. --- Congresses --- Proceedings presented at the VIIIth Munich Symposium on International Taxation, Munich, 3 July 1989 --- Capital flight --- Capital flows --- Capital inflow --- Capital outflow --- Flight of capital --- Flow of capital --- Movements of capital --- Balance of payments --- Foreign exchange --- International finance --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming --- weerslag, invloed, last en verdeling van de belasting --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen
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Robbery, larceny, blackmail, fraud, and other crimes with economic motives are likely to be as old as mankind, and the evasion of taxes and economic regulations can be assumed to begin with the introduction of taxes and economic regulations. Thus the shadow economy is certain ly not a new phenomenon. However, economists did not pay much attention to it until quite recently. P. GUTMANN in his pioneering article "The Subterranean Economy" (Financial Analysts Journal, Nov/Dec 1977, p. 24- 27) was first to point out that unreported economic activity cannot (or, at least, can no longer) be considered as a "quantite negligeable". Challenged by GUTMANN's hypothesis many economists have then tried to assess the quantitative and qualitative importance of the shadow economy (commonly also known as the underground, or subterranean, or black, or unreported economy, and by other names). There seems to be wide agreement nowadays that the shadow economy has not only reached a substantial portion of total economic activity in both Eastern and Western countries but that it is also growing at rates which can no longer be experienced in the official sector. The existence of a considerable volume of unreported economic activities implies that important macroeconomic variables are biased in the official statistics. The rate of unemployment, for example, may be over-estimated while production figures, on the other hand, tend to be underrated. The government could thus be mislead and choose inadequate policies.
Economic structure --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- AA / International- internationaal --- 336.208 --- 343.35 --- 335 --- Proceedings of the International Conference held at the University of Bielefeld, West Germany, October 10-14, 1983. --- NBB congres --- Grondslag, vereffening, inning en controle van de belastingen. Fiscale fraude. Zwartwerk. Parallelle economie. --- Misdrijven tegen de openbare administratie, de belasting- en administratieve wetgeving. --- Economie van conflicten en van verdediging. Oorlog. Terrorisme. Economisch herstel. --- Conferences - Meetings --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Congresses. --- Proceedings of the International Conference held at the University of Bielefeld, West Germany, October 10-14, 1983 --- Grondslag, vereffening, inning en controle van de belastingen. Fiscale fraude. Zwartwerk. Parallelle economie --- Misdrijven tegen de openbare administratie, de belasting- en administratieve wetgeving --- Economie van conflicten en van verdediging. Oorlog. Terrorisme. Economisch herstel
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Economic development --- Economic history --- Economic policy --- Developing countries --- Economic conditions
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