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Social problems --- Sociology of work --- Sociology of education --- Mexico --- Venezuela

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The purpose of this paper is to introduce applications of RUSMOD - a microsimulation model for fiscal incidence analysis in the Russian Federation. RUSMOD combines household survey micro-data and fiscal policy rules to simulate the Russian tax-benefit system: the size and distribution of taxes collected and benefits paid, and the impact of the system on different population groups. Microsimulation models, such as RUSMOD, are habitually used in developed countries, and can be versatile budgetary policy tools. Using this model, the current tax-benefit system in Russia is examined. The impact of the system is measured across the income distribution, age groups, family types, localities, as well as across time. One of the applications of RUSMOD this paper aims to assess is the role of the tax-benefit system in explaining the incidence of informal employment in Russia. The paper investigates whether the existing system creates disincentives for formalization in terms of reducing disposable incomes and increasing poverty and inequality, and whether a hypothetical tax reform would be able to reduce the opportunity costs of formalization for informal workers, improve distributional outcomes, and increase fiscal revenues.

Budget Policy --- Fiscal Incidence --- Fiscal Policy --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Informal Economy --- Informal Employment --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Microsimulation --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Sector Development --- Public Spending --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Tax Reform --- Tax-Benefit Policy --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies

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The 2008-09 economic crisis has had a long-lasting negative impact on the Mexican economy. This paper examines labor market dynamics in Mexico in light of the crisis. The labor market has been characterized in recent years by low relative unemployment, but high levels of informal jobs, low-growth, and almost stagnant real wages. In this context, the crisis destroyed a wide number of formal jobs, and even informal, increasing the unemployment rates to pre-crisis levels. Manufacturing was the sector that endured the largest job losses during the crisis and wages decreased for all sectors. The government of Mexico implemented a variety of programs to cope with the crises. However, these measures were too limited to counteract the large negative impact of the crisis on labor markets.

Crisis --- Economic Theory & Research --- Employment --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor Standards --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Public policy --- Wages

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At the beginning of the twentieth century, Venezuela had one of the poorest economies in Latin America, but by 1970 it had become the richest country in the region and one of the twenty richest countries in the world, ahead of countries such as Greece, Israel, and Spain. Between 1978 and 2001, however, Venezuela’s economy went sharply in reverse, with non-oil GDP declining by almost 19 percent and oil GDP by an astonishing 65 percent. What accounts for this drastic turnabout? The editors of Venezuela Before Chávez, who each played a policymaking role in the country’s economy during the past two decades, have brought together a group of economists and political scientists to examine systematically the impact of a wide range of factors affecting the economy’s collapse, from the cost of labor regulation and the development of financial markets to the weakening of democratic governance and the politics of decisions about industrial policy. Aside from the editors, the contributors are Omar Bello, Adriana Bermúdez, Matías Braun, Javier Corrales, Jonathan Di John, Rafael Di Tella, Javier Donna, Samuel Freije, Dan Levy, Robert MacCulloch, Osmel Manzano, Francisco Monaldi, María Antonia Moreno, Daniel Ortega, Michael Penfold, José Pineda, Lant Pritchett, Cameron A. Shelton, and Dean Yang.

Financial crises --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Venezuela --- Venesuėla --- Republic of Venezuela --- República de Venezuela --- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela --- República Bolivariana de Venezuela --- Gobierno Bolivariano --- Estados Unidos de Venezuela --- Венесуэла --- Баліварыянская Рэспубліка Венесуэла --- Balivaryi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Венецуела --- Venet︠s︡uela --- Боливарска република Венецуела --- Bolivarska republika Venet︠s︡uela --- Βενεζουέλα --- Venezouela --- Μπολιβαριανή Δημοκρατία της Βενεζουέλας --- Bolivarianē Dēmokratia tēs Venezouelas --- 베네수엘라 --- Penesuella --- 베네수엘라 볼리바르 공화국 --- Penesuella Bollibarŭ Konghwaguk --- Венесуэл --- Venesuėl --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Bolivaryn Venesuėl Uls --- ベネズエラ --- Benezuera --- ベネズエラ・ボリバル共和国 --- Benezuera Boribaru Kyōwakoku --- Боливарианская Республика Венесуэла --- Bolivarianskai︠a︡ Respublika Venesuėla --- Venecuela --- Bolivarska Republika Venecuela --- Venezuelan bolivariaaninen tasavalta --- Bolivarianska republiken Venezuela --- Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti --- Wenesuela --- Wenesuela Boliwar Respublikasy --- Венесуела --- Боліварианська Республіка Венесуела --- Bolivaryansʹka Respublika Venesuela --- 委內瑞拉 --- Weineiruila --- 委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國 --- Weineiruila Boliwa'er Gongheguo --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- E-books --- Financial crises. --- Venezuela.