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My interest in X-Efficiency (XE) dates back to 1978. At the time, I was writing the dissertation for my Ph. D. at Washington State University. My dissertation was concerned with the role of attitudes in the school-to-work transition among young men. I was advised by Professor Millard Hastay (a member of my committee) to look at Leibenstein's "new" book, Beyond Economic Man. One of the things that caught my attention was his behavioral description of (selective) rationality. It seemed that Leibenstein' s behavioral description of a (selectively) rational individ­ ual was very similar to what psychologists such as Abraham Maslow were reporting as being the product of a particular motivational system. In other words, I was impressed with the idea that what Leibenstein was referring to as X-inefficiency was being discussed by psychologists as "the way it (often) is. " So from the beginning I always considered the concept ofX-(in)efficiency to be a valuable one for understanding human behavior. I have since come to believe that this is particularly true when considering behavior in non-market environments, i. e. , within the firm. Work on this book, however, can most realistically said to have started with work which I began in 1982 while I was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University. Professor Leibenstein suggested that I consider how some empirical evidence which was being cited as evidence for the role of property rights might also be consistent with XE theory. (The consistency, in both directions, is considerable.

Industrial efficiency --- Industrial productivity. --- Industrial policy. --- Efficience dans l'industrie --- Productivité --- Politique industrielle --- Industrial efficiency. --- Industrial policy --- Productivité --- Microeconomics. --- Industrial organization. --- Industrial Organization. --- Industries --- Organization --- Industrial concentration --- Industrial management --- Industrial sociology --- Price theory --- Economics --- Industrial productivity --- Efficiency, Industrial

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The Beginnings of Behavioral Economics: Katona, Simon, and Leibenstein's X-Efficiency Theory explores the mid-20th century roots of behavioral economics, placing the origin of this now-dominant approach to economic theory many years before the groundbreaking 1979 work on prospect theory by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. It discusses the work of Harvey Leibenstein, Herbert Simon, George Katona, and Frederick Hayek, reintroducing their contributions as founding pillars of the behavioral approach. It concentrates on the work of Leibenstein, reviewing his nuanced introduction of X-efficiency theory. Building from these foundations, the work explores the body of empirical research on market power and firm behavior - XE relationship. This book is a tremendous resource for graduate students and early career researchers in behavioral economics, experimental economics, organizational economics, social and organizational psychology, labor market economics and public policy. Reviews the powerful, but neglected contributions of mid-20th century scholars, like Leibenstein and Katona in building the roots of behavioral economic theory Amalgamates and reviews 50 years of empirical research and over 200 empirical papers on X-efficiency theory Establishes how X-efficiency can aid modern behavioral economics in further developing firm theory and understanding efficiency wages.

Simon, Herbert A. --- Economics --- Economic development. --- Income distribution. --- Industrial efficiency. --- Psychological aspects. --- Katona, George, --- Hayek, Friedrich A. von --- Efficiency, Industrial --- Industrial management --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Behavioral economics --- Behavioural economics --- Hai-yeh-kʻo, --- Hayek, Friedrich August von, --- Hayek, F. A. von --- Haiekʻŭ, Pʻŭridŭrihi A., --- Khaĭek, F. A., --- Hayek, Frederich August von, --- Von Hayek, Friedrich A. --- Hayeke, --- 哈耶克, F.A. 冯, --- 哈葉克, --- 海耶克, --- Simon, Herbert Alexander, --- Simon, H. A. --- Saimengshi, --- Ximeng, Hebote, --- Ximeng, He'erbote A., --- Saimon, Hābāto A., --- Saimon, H. A., --- Sīmūn, Hirbirt A., --- سيمون، هربرت ا. --- Leibenstein, Harvey.

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