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Avoidance. --- Behavior. --- Benzodiazepine receptor. --- Benzodiazepine. --- Blockade. --- Coping. --- Infantile stimulation. --- Perinatal. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Stimulation.

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Roman high- and low-avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) rats are selected and bred for extreme divergence in two-way active avoidance acquisition. In addition, compared to RLA/Verh rats, RHA/Verh rats are (behaviorally and physiologically) less anxious or reactive to stressors, show increased novelty (sensation)-seeking behavior as well as a higher preference for rewarding substances, and are usually less efficient in learning tasks not involving shock administration. The present article reviews evidence showing that neonatal handling and/or environmental enrichment leads to enduring effects (their magnitude frequently depending upon the rat line) on those behaviors. For example, it has been found that neonatal handling reduces most of the (behavioral and physiological) signs of emotionality/anxiety in RLA/Verh rats, while environmental enrichment increases their novelty seeking (also the case with RHA/Verh rats), saccharin and ethanol intake, and sensitivity to amphetamine. Finally, initial results (currently being further elaborated upon) support a preventive action of both environmental treatments on age-related impairments in learning a spatial, water maze task as well as on hippocampal neuronal atrophy

Acquisition. --- Age-related impairments. --- Amphetamine. --- Avoidance. --- Behavior. --- Central amygdala. --- Early stimulation. --- Elevated plus-maze. --- Emotionality. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Ethanol. --- Female rats. --- Handling. --- Hippocampal. --- Impairments. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Learning. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Low-avoidance rats. --- Neonatal handling. --- Neonatal. --- Neuroendocrine traits. --- Neuronal. --- Novelty-seeking. --- Novelty. --- Perinatal flumazenil. --- Physiological. --- Preference. --- Protein-kinase-c. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Review. --- Roman high-and low-avoidance rats,reactivity to stress,anxiety,novelty/reward seeking,neonatal handling,enriched environment,age-related deficit,spatial learning,hippocampus. --- Seeking. --- Sensation-seeking. --- Sensitivity. --- Shock. --- Sign. --- Spatial. --- Stressor. --- Stressors. --- Task. --- Tasks. --- Treatment.

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Neonatal (early) handling (EH) and environmental enrichment (EE) of laboratory rodents have been the two most commonly used methods of providing supplementary environmental stimulation in order to study behavioral and neurobiological plasticity. A large body of research has been generated since the 1950s, unequivocally showing that both treatments induce profound and long-lasting behavioral and neural consequences while also inducing plastic brain effects and being "protective" against some age-related deficits. The present work is aimed at reviewing the main neurobehavioral effects of both manipulations, with the final purpose of comparing them and trying to find out to what extent the effects of both treatments may share (or not) possible neural mechanisms. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc

2-way active-avoidance. --- Adult-rats. --- Benzodiazepine receptor. --- Brain cortical membranes. --- Brain. --- Consequences. --- Deficits. --- Early experience,neonatal handling,environmental enrichment,stress,anxiety,learning,memory,neural plasticity,hippocampus,age-related deficits. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Handling. --- Infantile stimulation. --- Laboratory. --- Low-avoidance rats. --- Mechanisms. --- Method. --- Neonatal. --- Nerve growth-factor. --- Novelty-seeking. --- Perinatal flumazenil. --- Plasticity. --- Purpose. --- Research. --- Rodent. --- Rodents. --- Roman high-avoidance. --- Stimulation. --- Treatment. --- Work.