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'Fleshing out surfaces' is the first English-language book on skin and flesh tones in art. It considers flesh and skin in art theory, image making and medical discourse in seventeenth to nineteenth-century France. Describing a gradual shift between the early modern and the modern period, it argues that what artists made when imitating human nakedness was not always the same. Initially understood in terms of the body's substance, of flesh tones and body colour, it became increasingly a matter of skin, skin colour and surfaces. Each chapter is dedicated to a different notion of skin and its colour, from flesh tones via a membrane imbued with nervous energy to hermetic borderline. Looking in particular at works by Fragonard, David, Girodet, Benoist and Ingres, the focus is on portraits, as facial skin is a special arena for testing painterly skills and a site where the body and the image become equally expressive.--

Skin --- Skin in art. --- Human skin color in art. --- Art, French --- Anatomy, Artistic. --- Art, Modern --- French art --- Ecole de Nice (Group of artists) --- Forces nouvelles (Group of artists) --- Nabis (Group of artists) --- Ne pas plier (Group of artists) --- Artistic anatomy --- Human anatomy in art --- Art --- Nude in art --- Human figure in art --- Medicine and art --- Proportion (Art) --- Cutis --- Integument (Skin) --- Beauty, Personal --- Body covering (Anatomy) --- Psychological aspects. --- Themes, motives. --- Skin in art --- Human figure in art. --- Peau dans l'art --- Couleur de la peau dans l'art --- Corps humain dans l'art --- Anatomie artistique --- Art français --- Human medicine --- skin [animal component] --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- France --- art theory, France 1600-1900. --- artistic anatomy 1700-1900. --- colour. --- flesh tones. --- history of the body. --- materiality. --- medical History, 1600-1900. --- painterly practice. --- painting, France 1700-1850. --- skin colour. --- skin.

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Androgyny (Psychology) in art

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Alors que la médecine des Lumières nie l'hermaphrodisme, l'image de l'androgyne fleurit dans l'art néoclassique français. Si le "beau idéal" prend en compte presque exclusivement le corps masculin, ses formes tendent désormais vers le féminin. Cette propension à l'androgynie apparaît moins comme une tentative d'atteindre une forme de perfection que comme une rupture esthétique et un révélateur de l'existence de codes contradictoires dans la figuration des sexes. Interrogeant les représentations des masculinités ambiguës des Lumières à la Restauration, Mechthild Fend met en rapport les changements liés à l'identité sexuelle dans la société française avec les bouleversements sociaux et politiques de l'époque révolutionnaire. Dans le sillage de Michel Foucault, Claudia Honegger et Thomas Laqueur, cet essai illustré, au croisement de l'histoire de l'art, de celle de la littérature et de l'histoire du corps et de la sexualité, met en lumière la fluidité des définitions de la masculinité et de la féminité caractérisant cette période de transition. Dans cette perspective, l'androgyne apparaît, notamment dans les œuvres de David, Girodet, Granger ou Guérin, comme une figure privilégiée, qui reflète et négocie ce flux, avant qu'un régime plus normatif ne s'établisse dans les premières décennies du XIXe siècle.

Art --- Sexology --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- France --- Androgyny (Psychology) in art --- Art, French --- Erotic art --- Androgynie dans l'art --- Art français --- Art érotique --- Themes, motives --- Thèmes, motifs --- mannelijkheid --- seksualiteit --- androgynie --- erotiek --- geschiedenis --- oudheid --- neoclassicisme --- Franse Revolutie --- hermafrodiet --- schoonheid --- Winckelmann, Johann Joachim --- David, Jacques-Louis --- Girodet, Anne-Louis --- De Balzac, Honoré --- 1750 - 1830 --- 18de eeuw --- 19de eeuw --- Frankrijk --- Art français --- Art érotique --- Thèmes, motifs --- Théorie de l'art --- Homme, thème --- Erotisme --- Sexualité --- Corps humain, thème --- Représentation graphique --- Girodet-Trioson, Anne-Louis --- hermafrodiet, androgyne figuur --- mannelijkheid. --- seksualiteit. --- androgynie. --- erotiek. --- geschiedenis. --- oudheid. --- neoclassicisme. --- Franse Revolutie. --- hermafrodiet, androgyne figuur. --- schoonheid. --- Winckelmann, Johann Joachim. --- David, Jacques-Louis. --- Girodet-Trioson, Anne Louis. --- De Balzac, Honoré. --- 1750 - 1830. --- 18de eeuw. --- 19de eeuw. --- Frankrijk. --- Girodet-Trioson, Anne Louis

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Best known for his notoriously provocative painting The Nightmare, Fuseli energetically cultivated a reputation for eccentricity, with vividly stylised images of supernatural creatures, muscle-bound heroes, and damsels in distress. While these convinced some viewers of the greatness of his genius, others dismissed him as a charlatan, or as completely mad.Fuseli’s contemporaries might have thought him even crazier had they been aware that in private he harboured an obsessive preoccupation with the figure of the modern woman, which he pursued almost exclusively in his drawings. Where one might have expected idealised bodies with the grace and proportions of classical statues, here instead we encounter figures whose anatomies have been shaped by stiff bodices, waistbands, puffed sleeves, and pointed shoes, and whose heads are crowned by coiffures of the most bizarre and complicated sort. Often based on the artist’s wife Sophia Rawlins, the women who populate Fuseli’s graphic work tend to adopt brazenly aggressive attitudes, either fixing their gaze directly on the viewer or ignoring our presence altogether. Usually they appear on their own, in isolation on the page; sometimes they are grouped together to form disturbing narratives, erotic fantasies that may be mysterious, vaguely menacing, or overtly transgressive, but where women always play a dominant role. Among the many intriguing questions raised by these works is the extent to which his wife Sophia was actively involved in fashioning her appearance for her own pleasure, as well as for the benefit of her husband.

Drawing --- drawings [visual works] --- fashion [concept] --- portraits --- women [female humans] --- Fuseli, Henry --- Women in art --- Drawing, Swiss --- Fashion in art --- Nude in art --- Fuseli, Henry - 1741-1825 --- vrouwen. --- mode. --- fantasieornament. --- seksualiteit. --- Fuseli, Henry. --- 18de eeuw. --- 19de eeuw. --- fashion [culture-related concept] --- vrouwen --- mode --- fantasieornament --- seksualiteit --- 18de eeuw --- 19de eeuw --- Gossaert, Jan. --- van Orley, Bernard. --- 15de eeuw. --- 16de eeuw. --- Nederlanden.

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