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"Chocolate is one of the most visible examples of how a deeply exotic consumer product penetrating our daily lives fascinated Europeans during the Early Modern period. Today, over fifty percent of the four million tons of cocoa produced globally come from Sub-Saharan Africa. Ecuadorian cocoa, on the other hand, is considered premium quality. Yet the fact that Ecuadorian cocoa is preferred by today's artisanal chocolate makers is one of history's ironic turns. During the eighteenth century, production and exports of Ecuadorian cocoa dramatically expanded due to its fast growth rate, high yield and low price, though certainly not due to its qualities of taste. This book analyzes the transition of chocolate from an exotic curiosity to an Atlantic commodity. It shows how local, inter-regional, and Atlantic markets interacted with one another and with imperial political economies. It explains how these interactions, intertwined with the resilience of local artisanal production, promoted the partial democratization of chocolate consumption as well as economic growth"--
Cocoa trade --- History. --- Atlantic Ocean Region --- Commerce
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Chocolate is one of the most visible examples of how a deeply exotic consumer product penetrating our daily lives fascinated Europeans during the Early Modern period. Today, over fifty percent of the four million tons of cocoa produced globally come from Sub-Saharan Africa. Ecuadorian cocoa, on the other hand, is considered premium quality. Yet the fact that Ecuadorian cocoa is preferred by today's artisanal chocolate makers is one of history’s ironic turns. During the eighteenth century, production and exports of Ecuadorian cocoa dramatically expanded due to its fast growth rate, high yield and low price, though certainly not due to its qualities of taste. This book analyzes the transition of chocolate from an exotic curiosity to an Atlantic commodity. It shows how local, inter-regional, and Atlantic markets interacted with one another and with imperial political economies. It explains how these interactions, intertwined with the resilience of local artisanal production, promoted the partial democratization of chocolate consumption as well as economic growth.
Cocoa trade --- History --- Atlantic Ocean Region --- Commerce --- History.
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Disciplinare i poveri affronta la trasformazione del governo della povertà negli ultimi quarant’anni negli Stati Uniti: cosa è successo e perché, come funziona oggi il welfare e come influisce sulla vita delle persone. Attraverso un’analisi attenta della sua evoluzione storica, il saggio chiarisce come la questione razziale rivesta ancora un ruolo centrale all’interno di questo sistema.Collegando la riforma del welfare ad altri sviluppi politici, gli autori utilizzano varie fonti di dati per spiegare le origini, le forme e le conseguenze di una nuova modalità di governance della povertà che è allo stesso tempo neoliberale – allineata ai principi del mercato – e paternalista – fondata sul dire ai poveri ciò che è meglio per loro. Lo studio ricostruisce questo nuovo modello attraverso un percorso che va dal livello federale a quello statale e di contea, fino ad analizzare i modi in cui gli street-level bureaucrats gestiscono i singoli casi, spesso attraverso pratiche sanzionatorie. Il risultato è un resoconto convincente di come questo sistema stia, oggi come ieri, disciplinando i poveri.Il volume contiene un saggio inedito degli autori e la postfazione di Antonella Meo.
Povertà --- Poverty --- Effetti [della] Politica economica --- Stati Uniti d'America.
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