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This book shows how to use supercritical water (SCW) to synthesize nano- and micro- oxides, inorganic salts and metal particles and its recent advancement. Also polymer/biomass particles can be produced by using the method of precipitation of solutes from SCW. The particles can be used as catalysts for biomass conversions, materials in ceramics & electronic devices and composite materials. Particles are easily produced continuously in a flow reactor in short reaction times or synthesized in a batch reactor in long reaction times. Besides the synthesis process, the book also present studies of the properties of these materials. The size, size distribution, crystal growth & structure, and morphology of particles produced by supercritical water can be controlled by the feed concentrations, pH, pressures, temperatures, heating & cooling rates, organic modifications, reducing or oxidizing atmospheres, flow rates and reaction times.

Factory and trade waste -- Purification. --- Microorganisms -- Imaging. --- Oxidation. --- Purification. --- Sewage -- Purification -- Oxidation. --- Nanoparticles --- Supercritical fluids --- Organic compounds --- Inorganic compounds --- Materials science --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemistry --- Inorganic Chemistry --- Materials Science --- Technology - General --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Synthesis --- Supercritical fluids. --- Nanoparticles. --- Materials science. --- Synthesis. --- Material science --- Chemistry, Inorganic --- Chemistry, Synthetic inorganic --- Inorganic synthesis (Chemistry) --- Synthetic inorganic chemistry --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Synthetic organic --- Organic synthesis (Chemistry) --- Synthetic organic chemistry --- Catalysis. --- Nanotechnology. --- Materials Science. --- Nanotechnology and Microengineering. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Physical sciences --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Activation (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Surface chemistry --- Nanostructured materials --- Particles --- Fluids --- Engineering. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Physics --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Microtechnology. --- Microelectromechanical systems. --- Materials --- Microsystems and MEMS. --- Characterization and Analytical Technique. --- Analysis. --- MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) --- Micro-electro-mechanical systems --- Micro-machinery --- Microelectromechanical devices --- Micromachinery --- Micromachines --- Micromechanical devices --- Micromechanical systems --- Electromechanical devices --- Microtechnology --- Mechatronics --- Micro-technology --- Microtechnologies

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This book focuses on the development of biodiesel systems from the production of feedstocks and their processing technologies to the comprehensive applications of both by-products and biodiesel. It should be of interest for students, researchers, scientists and technologists.

Biodiesel fuels. --- Diesel motor --- Alternative fuels --- Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology

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This book shows how to use supercritical water (SCW) to synthesize nano- and micro- oxides, inorganic salts and metal particles and its recent advancement. Also polymer/biomass particles can be produced by using the method of precipitation of solutes from SCW. The particles can be used as catalysts for biomass conversions, materials in ceramics & electronic devices and composite materials. Particles are easily produced continuously in a flow reactor in short reaction times or synthesized in a batch reactor in long reaction times. Besides the synthesis process, the book also present studies of the properties of these materials. The size, size distribution, crystal growth & structure, and morphology of particles produced by supercritical water can be controlled by the feed concentrations, pH, pressures, temperatures, heating & cooling rates, organic modifications, reducing or oxidizing atmospheres, flow rates and reaction times.

Chemical thermodynamics --- Chemical structure --- Enzymology --- Materials sciences --- Electrical engineering --- Biotechnology --- katalyse --- materiaalkennis --- nanotechniek --- biotechnologie

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The book provides fundamental chemistry and properties of near-critical water (NCW) and supercritical water (SCW), criteria and challenges/solutions in reactor design for NCW and SCW processes, and up-to-date reviews and practice of a wide range of their applications in biorefineries including: production of hydrochars from biomass, SCW oxidation (SCWO) for waste treatment, SCW gasification (SCWG) of biomass and waste for hydrogen and methane production, hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, production of chemicals, and SCWO of biofuels for energy. It also presents techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production via SCWG of biomass. The book will be highly essential for both academic researchers and industrial practitioners for developing novel biorefinery technologies and processes employing NCW or SCW for treatment of various organic waste streams and production of bio-energy and bio-based chemicals from bio-renewable resources. Prof. Dr. Zhen Fang is leader and founder of biomass group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Dr.  Chunbao (Charles) Xu is currently an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and NSERC/FPInnovations Industrial Research Chair in Forest Biorefinery at Western University, Canada.

Biomass energy. --- Bioreactors. --- Supercritical fluids. --- Bio-energy (Biomass energy) --- Bioenergy (Biomass energy) --- Biofuels --- Biological fuels --- Energy, Biomass --- Microbial energy conversion --- Energy conversion --- Fuel --- Energy crops --- Microbial fuel cells --- Refuse as fuel --- Waste products as fuel --- Fluids --- Biochemical reactors --- Reactors, Biochemical --- Biochemical engineering --- Chemical reactors --- Equipment and supplies --- Renewable energy sources. --- Wood. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Wood Science & Technology. --- Building materials --- Forest products --- Trees --- Timber --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Renewable energy resources. --- Forest products. --- Forest production --- Botany, Economic --- Commercial products --- Raw materials --- Biomass energy

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This book shows how to use supercritical water (SCW) to synthesize nano- and micro- oxides, inorganic salts and metal particles and its recent advancement. Also polymer/biomass particles can be produced by using the method of precipitation of solutes from SCW. The particles can be used as catalysts for biomass conversions, materials in ceramics & electronic devices and composite materials. Particles are easily produced continuously in a flow reactor in short reaction times or synthesized in a batch reactor in long reaction times. Besides the synthesis process, the book also present studies of the properties of these materials. The size, size distribution, crystal growth & structure, and morphology of particles produced by supercritical water can be controlled by the feed concentrations, pH, pressures, temperatures, heating & cooling rates, organic modifications, reducing or oxidizing atmospheres, flow rates and reaction times.

Chemical thermodynamics --- Chemical structure --- Enzymology --- Materials sciences --- Electrical engineering --- Biotechnology --- katalyse --- materiaalkennis --- nanotechniek --- biotechnologie