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Plant biotechnology is a most interesting branch for academicians and researchers in recent past. Now days, it becomes a very useful tool in agriculture and medicine and is regarded as a popular area of research especially in biological sciences because it makes an integral use of biochemistry, molecular biology and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological application of cultured tissues, cell and microbes. Plant tissue culture (PTC) refers to a technique of cultivation of plant cells and other parts on artificial nutrient medium in controlled environment under aseptic conditions. PTC requires various nutrients, pH, carbon source, gelling agent, temperature, photoperiod, humidity etc. and most importantly the judicious use of plant growth regulators. Various natural, adenine and phenyl urea derivatives are employed for the induction and proliferation of different types of explants. Several phenyl urea derivatives were evaluated and it was observed that thidiazuron (n-phenyl-N”-1,2,3- thidiazol-5-ulurea) was found to be the most active among the plant growth regulators. Thidiazuron (TDZ) was initially developed as a cotton defoliant and showed high cytokinin like activity. In some examples, its activity was 100 times more than BA in tobacco callus assay and produces more number of shoots in cultures than Zeatin and 2iP. TDZ also showed major breakthrough in tissue culture of various recalcitrant legumes and woody species. For the last two decades, number of laboratories has been working on TDZ with different aspect and number of publications has come out. To the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive edited volume on this particular topic. Hence th,e edited volume is a deed to consolidate the scattered information on role of TDZ in plant tissue culture and genetic manipulations that would hopefully prove informative to various researches. Thidiazuron: From Urea Derivative to Plant Growth Regulator compiles various aspects of TDZ in Plant Tissue Culture with profitable implications. The book will provides basic material for academicians and researchers who want to initiate work in this fascinating area of research. The book will contain 26 chapters compiled by International dignitaries and thus giving a holistic view to the edited volume.

Plant biotechnology. --- Urea --- Derivatives. --- Life sciences. --- Cell culture. --- Plant ecology. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant development. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant breeding. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Cell Culture. --- Plant Ecology. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Plant Physiology. --- Crops --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Botany --- Plants --- Physiology --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Plant structure --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Ecology --- Cultures (Biology) --- Cytology --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Ontogeny --- Structure --- Technique --- Urea derivatives --- Crop biotechnology --- Agricultural biotechnology --- Biotechnology --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology

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This book introduces the reader to synthetic or artificial seeds, which refer to alginate encapsulated somatic embryos, vegetative buds or any other micropropagules that can be used as seeds and converted into plantlets after propagating under in vitro or in vivo conditions. Moreover, synthetic seeds retain their potential for regeneration even after low-temperature storage. The production of synthetic or artificial seeds using micropropagules opens up new vistas in agricultural biotechnology. Encapsulated propagules could be used for in vitro regeneration and mass multiplication at reasonable cost. In addition, these propagules may be used for germplasm preservation of elite plant species and the exchange of plant materials between national and international laboratories. This book offers state-of-the-art findings on methods, applications and prospects of synthetic or artificial seeds.

Synthetic seeds. --- Artificial seeds --- Somatic seeds --- Synseeds --- Seeds --- Somatic embryogenesis --- Plant breeding. --- Plant physiology. --- Agriculture. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Botany --- Plants --- Physiology --- Crops --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Llavors --- Millorament selectiu de plantes --- Millora de plantes --- Millorament de conreus --- Millorament genètic de conreus --- Millorament genètic de les plantes --- Millorament genètic de plantes conreades --- Millorament vegetal --- Selecció artificial de les plantes --- Agricultura --- Millora de les espècies --- Hibridació vegetal --- Immunitat de les plantes --- Genètica vegetal --- Plantes transgèniques --- Botànica --- Multiplicació de les plantes --- Plant biotechnology. --- Plant Biotechnology. --- Crop biotechnology --- Agricultural biotechnology --- Biotechnology

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This edited book is a compilation of findings on the molecular and cellular toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) in animal cell, human cells, invertebrates. The varied selection of test models will provide better understanding about the horizon of NPs toxicity. Interaction of NPs with cells and its organelles can induce toxicological consequences, including transcriptional and translational alterations, DNA damage, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. NPs can get internalized in cells through phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and passive penetration, which can affect varied cell types. Readers will be benefited with the compilations on basic and molecular facet of NPs toxicity. The chapters will provide a comprehensive information on the state-of-the-art methodologies. The application of toxicogenomic approaches, which is already established in nanotoxicology, has been given special consideration to unravel the toxicodynamics of nanomaterials. Among these approaches, the high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), which is able to build a complete map of transcriptome across different cell types and perturbations upon NPs exposure has been included. The readers are also introduced to the less studied topic on the adsorption of biomolecules (mainly proteins) on the NPs surface, constituting the so-called “biomolecular corona”. The book has been designed for scientists engaged in NPs toxicity research. Nonetheless, it should be of interest to a variety of scientific disciplines including marine biology, environmental pollution, genetics, pharmacology, medicine, drug and food material sciences, consumer products. Also, the compilations will be of interest to the environmental watchdogs, federal regulators, risk assessors and the policy makers.

Nanoparticles. --- Molecular toxicology. --- Life sciences. --- Cell biology. --- Biology --- Nanotechnology. --- Life Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Biological Techniques. --- Technique. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Toxicology, Molecular --- Molecular biology --- Toxicology --- Nanostructured materials --- Particles --- Cytology. --- Cytology --- Research --- Methodology. --- Biology—Technique. --- Nanotechnologies --- Microchemistry --- Nanotubes --- Microchip Analytical Procedures --- Nanostructures --- Cellular Biology --- Biologies, Cell --- Biologies, Cellular --- Biology, Cell --- Biology, Cellular --- Cell Biologies --- Cellular Biologies

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Systematics. Taxonomy. Nomenclature --- General ecology and biosociology --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Phytomorphology. Phytoanatomy --- Biochemical engineering --- systematische plantkunde --- plantenfysiologie --- biogeografie --- biochemie --- planten

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This edited book is a compilation of findings on the molecular and cellular toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) in animal cell, human cells, invertebrates. The varied selection of test models will provide better understanding about the horizon of NPs toxicity. Interaction of NPs with cells and its organelles can induce toxicological consequences, including transcriptional and translational alterations, DNA damage, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. NPs can get internalized in cells through phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and passive penetration, which can affect varied cell types. Readers will be benefited with the compilations on basic and molecular facet of NPs toxicity. The chapters will provide a comprehensive information on the state-of-the-art methodologies. The application of toxicogenomic approaches, which is already established in nanotoxicology, has been given special consideration to unravel the toxicodynamics of nanomaterials. Among these approaches, the high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), which is able to build a complete map of transcriptome across different cell types and perturbations upon NPs exposure has been included. The readers are also introduced to the less studied topic on the adsorption of biomolecules (mainly proteins) on the NPs surface, constituting the so-called “biomolecular corona”. The book has been designed for scientists engaged in NPs toxicity research. Nonetheless, it should be of interest to a variety of scientific disciplines including marine biology, environmental pollution, genetics, pharmacology, medicine, drug and food material sciences, consumer products. Also, the compilations will be of interest to the environmental watchdogs, federal regulators, risk assessors and the policy makers.

Biological techniques --- Histology. Cytology --- Electrical engineering --- biologische technieken --- nanotechniek --- farmacologie --- toxicologie --- cytologie --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie