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Numerical programs often use parallel programming techniques such as OpenMP to compute the program's output values as efficient as possible. In addition, derivative values of these output values with respect to certain input values play a crucial role. To achieve code that computes not only the output values simultaneously but also the derivative values, this work introduces several source-to-source transformation rules. These rules are based on a technique called algorithmic differentiation. The main focus of this work lies on the important reverse mode of algorithmic differentiation. The inherent data-flow reversal of the reverse mode must be handled properly during the transformation. The first part of the work examines the transformations in a very general way since pragma-based parallel regions occur in many different kinds such as OpenMP, OpenACC, and Intel Phi. The second part describes the transformation rules of the most important OpenMP constructs. Contents Introduction with Examples from Numerical Optimization Algorithmic Differentiation by Source Transformation Transformation rules for Parallel Code Regions (e.g. OpenMP 3.1) Static Program Analysis Target Groups Lecturers and students of computer science Computer scientists, engineers, mathematicians and numerical analysts The Author Michael Förster is currently Research Associate of the Institute Software and Tools for Computational Engineering, RWTH Aachen University.

Parallel programming (Computer science) --- OpenMP. --- Heterogeneous computing. --- Computer networks. --- OpenMP (Application program interface) --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Electronic data processing --- Network computers --- Heterogeneous processing (Computers) --- High performance computing --- Parallel processing (Electronic computers) --- Computer programming --- Distributed processing --- Open Multi-Processing (Application program interface) --- Computer science. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Mathematics of Computing. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Informatics --- Science --- Mathematics --- Computer science --- Applied mathematics. --- Mathematics. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Computer mathematics --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering Applications. --- Data processing.

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This paper summarises trends and driving factors in income distribution and poverty in 21 OECD Member countries analysing separately the working- and the retirement-age populations. Shifts in relative incomes in the past ten years generally favoured prime-age and elderly age groups. Persons living in multi-adult households have seen their income shares rise somewhat, especially in households without children, or when there are two or more earners present. On the other hand, younger age groups generally lost ground, and relative income levels of single parents and persons in households with no earners tended to weaken further in many countries. There has been no generalised long-term trend in the distribution of disposable household incomes since the mid-1970s. However, during the more recent period (mid-1980s to mid-1990s), income inequality has increased in about half of the OECD countries studied, while none of the remaining countries recorded an unambiguous decrease in ...

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During the past two decades, issues such as insufficient resources among particular populations, relative and absolute low incomes and poverty have occupied a prominent place in social policy research in many OECD countries. However, many different concepts have been used in the literature to define and measure ’low income’ or ’poverty’ across and within Member countries. This paper analyses alternative approaches to quantifying these concepts for the explicit purpose of international comparisons. It uses micro data sets on income from the Luxembourg Income Study for 13 OECD countries, for the mid- to the end of the 1980s, to illustrate the issues. In Chapter II, the three main approaches used in the literature for defining low income and poverty - the absolute, relative and subjective approach - are discussed in detail. Chapter III discusses ways to adjust disposable income for family size and presents sensitivity tests using different equivalence scales. Chapter IV presents more ...

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Hegel, Georg W.F. --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, - 1770-1831. - Phèanomenologie des Geistes. --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, - 1770-1831 - Phänomenologie des Geistes

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Philosophy of language has for some time now been the very core of the discipline of philosophy. But where did it begin? Frege has sometimes been identified as its father, but in fact its origins lie much further back, in a tradition that arose in eighteenth-century Germany. Michael Forster explores that tradition. He also makes a case that the most important thinker within that tradition was J. G. Herder. It was Herder who established such fundamental principles in the philosophy of language as that thought essentially depends on language and that meaning consists in the usage of words. It was he who on that basis revolutionized the theory of interpretation ("hermeneutics") and the theory of translation. And it was he who played the pivotal role in founding such whole new disciplines concerned with language as anthropology and linguistics. In the course of developing these historical points, this book also shows that Herder and his tradition are in many ways superior to dominant trends in more recent philosophy of language: deeper in their principles and broader in their focus.

Language and languages --- Langage et langues --- Philosophy. --- Philosophie --- Herder, Johann Gottfried, --- Semantics --- Philosophy --- von Herder, Johann Gottfried, --- Language and languages - Philosophy --- von Herder, Johann Gottfried, - 1744-1803