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Who benefits from public spending? Who bears the burden of taxation? How desirable is the distribution of net benefits from the operation of a tax-benefit system? This paper surveys basic concepts, methods, and modeling approaches commonly used to address these issues in the context of fiscal incidence analysis. The review covers the incidence of both taxation and public spending. Methodological points are supported by country cases. The effective distribution of benefits and burdens associated with fiscal policy depends on the size of the government, the distributive mechanisms involved, and the incentives properties of the policy under consideration. This creates a need for analytical methods to account for both individual behavior and social interaction. The approaches reviewed include simple reduced form regression analysis, microsimulation models (both the envelope and discrete choice models), computable general equilibrium modeling, and approaches that link computable general equilibrium models to microsimulation models. Explicit modeling facilitates the construction of counterfactuals to back up causal analysis. Social desirability is assessed on the basis of progressivity along with deadweight loss.
Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Personal income tax --- Private Sector Development --- Progressive tax --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Tax --- Tax incidence --- Tax liability --- Tax policy --- Tax Shifting --- Tax system --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies --- Taxpayers
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The international community has declared poverty reduction one of the fundamental objectives of development, and therefore a metric for assessing the effectiveness of development interventions. This creates the need for a sound understanding of the fundamental factors that account for observed variations in poverty outcomes either over time or across space. Consistent with the view that such an understanding entails deeper micro empirical work on growth and distributional change, this paper reviews existing decomposition methods that can be used to identify sources of variation in poverty. The maintained hypothesis is that the living standard of an individual is a pay-off from her participation in the life of society. In that sense, individual outcomes depend on endowments, behavior and the circumstances that determine the returns to those endowments in any social transaction. To identify the contribution of each of these factors to changes in poverty, the statistical and structural methods reviewed in this paper all rely on the notion of ceteris paribus variation. This entails the comparison of an observed outcome distribution to a counterfactual obtained by changing one factor at a time while holding all the other factors constant.
Counterfactual analysis --- Distribution --- Economic Theory & Research --- Endowment effect --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Identification --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition --- Poverty --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Social evaluation --- Structural effect --- Treatment effect
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