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Experiences of magic and witchcraft in the early modern period have often been presented as extraordinary occurrences, when they were, from the perspective of people living during this period, part of a shared and very familiar cosmological outlook. By presenting a wide range of everyday supernatural experiences, from spirit-assisted treasure-hunting to magically-assisted recipes, this book will show the extent to which such incidents and the beliefs underlying them have common frames of reference and were accepted as legitimate, if unusual, occurrences or practices. Particularly important in this context is the integration of witchcraft. As the authors in this collection argue, witchcraft was more pervasive and often less threatening than many modern interpretations suggest. Magic was both mundane and mysterious in early modern Europe, and the witches who practiced it could be in many ways quite ordinary members of their communities. The vivid cases described in this volume should make the reader question how to distinguish the ordinary and extraordinary in the early modern experience and the extent to which those terms need to be redefined for an early modern context.

History of Europe --- History of civilization --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Aberglaube. --- Alltag. --- Folklore. --- Magic --- Magic. --- Magisches Denken. --- Manners and customs. --- Occultism --- Occultism. --- History --- Europa. --- Europe --- Europe. --- Social life and customs.

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History of France --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Burgundy

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The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe program is a residential, quasi-military program for youths ages 16 to 18 who are experiencing difficulty in traditional high school. The objective of this research was to provide sites with a set of population benchmarks of individual outcomes with which to compare their cadets. The author develops these benchmarks using data from large public datasets and examining individuals who were similar to cadets. Rather than establish a control group and follow members over time, as is done in a randomized controlled trial, she instead devised a set of population averages that site directors can use as a reasonable comparison to their ChalleNGe participants at any time. The population averages are based on the outcomes of high school dropouts, high school dropouts who earned high school–equivalent credentials, and high school graduates who did not attend two- or four-year colleges. These groups represent the spectrum of selection from which cadets are pulled. The analysis compares these three groups around the time dropouts typically leave school and in the years following. Comparisons at these points can be thought of as at enrollment in ChalleNGe (the preprogram period) and after ChalleNGe is completed (the postprogram period), respectively. Site directors can use this report to compare their cadets to the typical teen who left high school without graduating and use key differences to help tailor their sites.

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For seven weeks in late spring and early summer of 1628, a ghost haunted the modest dwelling of Huguette Roy and her husband in the small city of Dole in the Holy Roman Empire near the French border. Before and after giving birth to her third child, Huguette received visits twice daily from a young woman clothed in white who cleaned her house, eased her pains, and tended her newborn son. Only Huguette could see this apparition, and the haunting aroused curiosity and fear throughout her community. Soon after the spirit departed, a young man from Dole prepared a manuscript in colloquial French to recount Huguette’s experiences, the ghost’s demands, and the event’s orthodoxy. Translators Edwards and Sutch present this primary source in English to allow modern readers to view the spirituality, piety, and daily lives of ordinary people in early modern Europe.Transcription of the original French of Leonarde’s Ghost with editor’s notes in English, supplemental material [download pdf]

Ghosts --- Phantoms --- Specters --- Spectres --- Apparitions

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The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe program is a residential, quasi-military program for youth ages 16–18 who are experiencing difficulty in traditional high school. Participating states operate the program, which began in the mid-1990s, with supporting federal funds and oversight from state National Guard organizations. RAND's ongoing analysis of the ChalleNGe program has two primary objectives. The first is to gather and analyze existing data from each ChalleNGe site on an annual basis to support the program's yearly report to Congress. This RAND report, the third in a series of four annual reports, documents the progress of program participants (or "cadets") in 2017–2018. The second objective of this project is to identify longer-term metrics for the overall effectiveness of the program, including ones that will help determine how site-level differences influence program effectiveness. In addition to preparing this year's annual report, the RAND study team also undertook several analytic efforts that address components of the ChalleNGe program. These additional analytic efforts are intended to address gaps in data collection, particularly around long-term outcomes, and better understand program design and implementation issues (for instance, how to improve the mentoring component). This report includes a review of a few of the analytic efforts the study team developed over the past year in support of the ChalleNGe program, including a benchmarking analysis aimed at developing realistic goals and expectations for ChalleNGe participants.