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This dissertation is a study of the editorial history of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible (1568-1573), in particular of its Hebrew and Aramaic texts. It begins with the origins of "the problem of scriptural multiplicity," the fact that texts sacred to Jews and Christians are unstable, extant in different ancient versions (Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Syriac, Latin, and others) as well as in different witnesses in the same language. It offers a history of Renaissance biblical scholarship as seen through the prism of this problem, and considers various responses to it, from Polyglot Bibles to the Tridentine Vulgate decree. Turning to Antwerp, it reevaluates the role of Hebrew in the 1563 foundation of the printing company of Christopher Plantin, his employment of the converted rabbi Johannes Isaac Levita and of Franciscus Raphelengius, and the preparations for a Polyglot Bible. It then gives a new intellectual biography of Benito Arias Montano, told from the point of view of his education as a biblical humanist and antiquarian. Particular attention is devoted to Montano's Hebraic studies, his awareness of Iberian Jewish history prior to the expulsion and of the Sephardic diaspora thereafter, and, as editor-in-chief of the Antwerp Polyglot, his study of the ancient and medieval Jewish transmission of the Hebrew biblical text. Using surviving printing proofs of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible and manuscripts and earlier editions Montano consulted, his method of editing Hebrew texts is reconstructed. I show that he was aware of attacks on the Polyglot before its completion, and I argue that the final edition contains deliberate defenses of the Jewish tradition of textual transmission and of Christian recourse to it. In the case of the Aramaic Targums, too, a host of unpublished and hitherto unstudied material is used to establish which manuscripts and earlier editions were assembled at Antwerp, and what the editorial decisions, by Montano and Raphelengius, reveal about the way they t hought about non-Christian and non-Hebrew textual traditions of Scripture. Particular attention is devoted to their use of the library of the humanist Andreas Masius and the Nachlass of the converso Alfonso de Zamora.

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Religious studies --- Sociology of religion