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Fiscal equalisation refers to the transfer of financial resources to and between subnationalgovernments with the aim of mitigating regional differences in fiscal capacity andexpenditure needs. However, the determination of fiscal capacity and expenditure needs isnot a straightforward task. OECD countries use widely varying mechanism designapproaches in their equalisation systems. This paper compares national approaches,covering the three modes of fiscal equalisation: pure revenue equalisation, revenue/costequalisation and gap-filling equalisation, describing the distinct impacts of each approachon subnational revenue disparities. A clear inverse relationship emerges between the sizeof the cost-equalising component within a system and the percentage change in subnationalper capita revenue disparities after equalising transfers are applied, although nosignificant relationship emerges between equalisation and regional convergence.Keywords: fiscal federalism, fiscal equalisation systems, inter-governmental transfers,regional inequality, public economics.
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"This report looks at the challenges faced by Asian countries in addressing inclusive growth and fiscal decentralisation. A series of studies examines how policies in the region have evolved in accordance with changes in demography and the economic environment, reflecting country characteristics, history and political economy forces."--Back cover.
Local budgets --- Public administration --- Citizen participation. --- Budgets, Local --- Budget --- Local finance
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Purchasing power parities (PPPs) for R&D expenditure in 19 manufacturing industries are developed for France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom relative to the United States for the years 1997 and 1987. These PPPs are based on R&D input prices for specific cost categories and differ substantially from current practice of comparing R&D expenditure using GDP PPPs and deflators. After taking into account differences in the relative price of R&D labor and materials, separate PPPs for other R&D cost categories are less essential, and a simpler version using GDP PPPs for these other categories should suffice. Our preferred PPPs are used to compare international R&D costs and intensity. The results suggest that the efforts devoted to R&D in each country are more similar across countries than is apparent using the nominal R&D intensities that are currently the norm.
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