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Electoral misconduct is widespread, but only some countries are punished by international actors for violating democratic norms. Using an original dataset and country case studies, this book explains variation in international norm enforcement.

Election monitoring --- Contested elections --- Democratization --- Comparative government --- Government - General --- Law, Politics & Government --- Political Institutions & Public Administration - General --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Political science --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- New democracies --- Disputed elections --- Election protests and appeals --- Elections, Contested --- Elections --- Election observation --- Monitoring, Election --- Poll watching --- Law and legislation

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Why are democracies so unequal? Despite the widespread expectation that democracy, via expansion of the franchise, would lead to redistribution in favor of the masses, in reality majorities regularly lose out in democracies. Taking a broad view of inequality as encompassing the distribution of wealth, risk, status, and well-being, this volume explores how institutions, individuals, and coalitions contribute to the often surprising twists and turns of distributive politics.The contributors hail from a range of disciplines and employ an array of methodologies to illuminate the central questions of democratic distributive politics: What explains the variety of welfare state systems, and what are their prospects for survival and change? How do religious beliefs influence people’s demand for redistribution? When does redistributive politics reflect public opinion? How can different and seemingly opposed groups successfully coalesce to push through policy changes that produce new winners and losers?The authors identify a variety of psychological and institutional factors that influence distributive outcomes. Taken together, the chapters highlight a common theme: politics matters. In seeking to understand the often puzzling contours of distribution and redistribution, we cannot ignore the processes of competition, bargaining, building, and destroying the political alliances that serve as bridges between individual preferences, institutions, and policy outcomes.

Democracy -- Economic aspects. --- Distribution (Economic theory) -- Political aspects. --- Distributive justice. --- Income distribution -- Political aspects. --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Income distribution --- Distributive justice --- Democracy --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Political aspects --- Economic aspects --- Political aspects. --- Economic aspects. --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Justice --- Social justice --- Wealth --- Disposable income --- Moral and ethical aspects --- E-books --- Taking. --- broad. --- coalitions. --- contribute. --- distribution. --- distributive. --- encompassing. --- explores. --- individuals. --- inequality. --- institutions. --- often. --- politics. --- risk. --- status. --- surprising. --- this. --- turns. --- twists. --- view. --- volume. --- wealth. --- well-being.