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This paper provides a detailed account of Hong Kong on the eve of its reintegration into China as a special administrative region. It analyzes recent economic development and provides a clear overview of Hong Kong's economic, financial, institutional, and political circumstances, as well a brief look at its history over the last hundred years. It suggests the changes the economy will undergo in the transition process and what it can expect in the future.
Business cycles --- Hong Kong --- Hong Kong (China) --- Hong Kong (Chine) --- Hong-Kong (Chine) --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Politics and government. --- Conditions économiques --- Politique économique --- Politique et gouvernement --- Economic policy --- Economic conditions --- Politics and government --- 338 <512.317> --- 338.22 <512.317> --- China --- economie --- economisch beleid --- overheid --- productie --- chine --- croissance economique --- hongkong --- politique economique --- CN / China - Chine --- HK / Hong Kong --- 331.30 --- 331.32 --- 330.05 --- 338.95125 --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Hong-Kong --- Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--Hong-Kong --- china --- economische groei --- Economische toestand. --- Structuur van de economie. --- -Hong Kong (China) --- -Economic conditions --- Working papers --- 338.22 <512.317> Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--Hong-Kong --- 338 <512.317> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Hong-Kong --- Conditions économiques --- Politique économique --- Economische toestand --- Structuur van de economie --- Hong Kong (China) - Economic policy --- Hong Kong (China) - Economic conditions --- Hong Kong (China) - Politics and government --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Foreign Exchange --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Trade: General --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Macroeconomics: Production --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- International economics --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Imports --- Exports --- Services sector --- Productivity --- Expenditure --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Manufacturing --- Labor productivity --- Production --- Housing --- National accounts --- Banks and banking --- Service industries --- Expenditures, Public --- Manufacturing industries --- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China --- Income economics
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International economic relations --- Vietnam --- Mixed economy --- Economie mixte --- Viêt-nam --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Conditions économiques --- Politique économique --- -338.24 <597.7> --- 338.24 <497> --- 338 <597> --- economie de marche libre --- economie mixte --- politique economique --- situation economique --- vietnam --- VN / Vietnam --- 339.113 --- 333.825 --- 331.30 --- 338.70 --- 333.841 --- 333.481 --- 338.047 --- 331.33 --- 333.451.1 --- 330.05 --- 338.9597 --- Economy, Mixed --- Third way (Economics) --- Capitalism --- Socialism --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Noord Vietnam --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Balkanstaten --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Vietnam --- vrije markteconomie --- gemengde economie --- economisch beleid --- economische toestand --- Buitenlandse investeringen. --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies. --- Economische toestand. --- Industrieën : Algemeenheden. Structuur en evolutie van de industrie. --- Inflatie. --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering. --- Privé en openbare bedrijven. Openbare diensten. Gemengde economie. --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik. --- Wisselkoersen. --- -Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Working papers --- 338 <597> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Vietnam --- 338.24 <497> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Balkanstaten --- 338.24 <597.7> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Noord Vietnam --- Viêt-nam --- Conditions économiques --- Politique économique --- 338.24 <597.7> --- Economische toestand --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik --- Wisselkoersen --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies --- Inflatie --- Privé en openbare bedrijven. Openbare diensten. Gemengde economie --- Industrieën : Algemeenheden. Structuur en evolutie van de industrie --- Buitenlandse investeringen --- Mixed economy - Vietnam --- Vietnam - Economic policy --- Vietnam - Economic conditions - 1975 --- -Mixed economy --- -Mixed economy - Vietnam
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This paper explores from a regional perspective the distorted nature of trade in energy products within the CIS countries. The persistence of pricing distortions, barter arrangements, and discriminatory access to pipelines, as well as failure to honor contracts, has disrupted and distorted energy exports to non-CIS countries, undermined energy sector reforms, and distorted investment decisions. The paper focuses on cross-border issues as an integral component of the wider problem of inefficient energy use within the CIS. Several policy recommendations are proposed, including measures to foster greater competition, reduce state involvement, and promote regional cooperation.
Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Energy --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Economic Integration --- Gas Utilities --- Pipelines --- Water Utilities --- Energy: General --- Trade: General --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Electric Utilities --- Investment & securities --- International economics --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Oil --- Exports --- Energy sector --- Energy prices --- Electricity --- Commodities --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Energy industries --- Electric utilities --- Russian Federation
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This paper examines stabilization policies in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos since the late 1980s. Compared with other transition economies, the Indochinese countries avoided an output collapse and moved quickly to strong GDP growth and low inflation. Each adopted a similar mix of policies centered on flexible exchange rates, high real interest rates, fiscal adjustment through expenditure cuts, and the imposition of hard budget constraints on public enterprises. In none of the countries was an exchange rate anchor considered feasible, and money-based stabilization proved effective, despite evident instability in the demand for money.
Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Financial Markets --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Exchange rates --- Currency markets --- Commercial banks --- Currencies --- Financial markets --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Foreign exchange market --- Banks and banking --- Vietnam
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Taxation --- Taxation --- Taxation --- Effects of British entry into European Economic Community --- Great Britain.
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The paper explores the pattern of transition of the Vietnamese economy, the policies that were applied, and the reasons for the country's success. In particular, it focuses on output performance; state-owned enterprises; foreign direct investment; determinants of inflation; dollarization and problems of economic management; international integration and exchange rate policy; growth and diversification of trade, trade reform, exchange reform, and exchange rate policy.
Mixed economy --- Vietnam --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- Economy, Mixed --- Third way (Economics) --- Capitalism --- Socialism --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Agriculture: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Exchange rates --- Foreign direct investment --- Agricultural sector --- Exchange rate policy --- Prices --- Balance of payments --- Economic sectors --- Investments, Foreign --- Agricultural industries --- Industries --- Foreign exchange market
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