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Was there a conservative Enlightenment? Could a self-proclaimed man of learning and progressive science also have been an agent of monarchy and reaction? Cadwallader Colden (1688-1776), an educated Scottish emigrant and powerful colonial politician, was at the forefront of American intellectual culture in the mid-eighteenth century. While living in rural New York, he recruited family, friends, servants, and slaves into multiple scientific ventures and built a transatlantic network of contacts and correspondents that included Benjamin Franklin and Carl Linnaeus. Over several decades, Colden pioneered colonial botany, produced new theories of animal and human physiology, authored an influential history of the Iroquois, and developed bold new principles of physics and an engaging explanation of the cause of gravity.The Enlightenment of Cadwallader Colden traces the life and ideas of this fascinating and controversial "gentleman-scholar." John M. Dixon's lively and accessible account explores the overlapping ideological, social, and political worlds of this earliest of New York intellectuals. Colden and other learned colonials used intellectual practices to assert their gentility and establish their social and political superiority, but their elitist claims to cultural authority remained flimsy and open to widespread local derision. Although Colden, who governed New York as an unpopular Crown loyalist during the imperial crises of the 1760s and 1770s, was brutally lampooned by the New York press, his scientific work, which was published in Europe, raised the international profile of American intellectualism.

Biography & Autobiography. --- HISTORY / United States / Colonial Period (1600-1775). --- Colden, Cadwallader, --- Philosophy. --- Political activity. --- New York (State) --- Nyu Yorḳ (State) --- NYS --- Niyū Yūrk (State) --- Nʹi︠u︡-Ĭork (State) --- Shtat Nʹi︠u︡ Ĭork --- State of New York --- State of N. York --- NY (State) --- N.Y. (State) --- N. York (State) --- نيويورك (State) --- ولاية نيويورك --- Wilāyat Niyū Yūrk --- Штат Нью-Ёрк --- Нью-Ёрк (State) --- Ню Йорк (State) --- Nova York (State) --- С̧ӗнӗ Йорк (State) --- Śĕnĕ Ĭork (State) --- Efrog Newydd (State) --- Kin Yótʼááh Deezʼá Hahoodzo --- Nííyóó Hahoodzo --- New Yorgi osariik --- Νέα Υόρκη (State) --- Nea Yorkē (State) --- Πολιτεία της Νέας Υόρκης --- Politeia tēs Neas Yorkēs --- Nueva York (State) --- Estado de Nueva York --- Nov-Jorkio --- Ŝtato de Nov-Jorkio --- État de New York --- Nua-Eabhrac (State) --- York Noa (State) --- Eabhraig Nuadh (State) --- Estado de Nova York --- Néu-Yok (State) --- Шин Йорк (State) --- Shin Ĭork (State) --- 뉴욕 주 --- Nyuyok-ju --- 뉴욕 (State) --- Nyuyok (State) --- Nuioka (State) --- Nú Yọk (State) --- Tchiaq York (State) --- New York Isifunda --- New York-fylki --- ניו יורק (State) --- מדינת ניו יורק --- Medinat Nyu Yorḳ --- Stat Evrek Nowydh --- Evrek Nowydh (State) --- Nou Yòk (State) --- Novum Eboracum (State) --- N̦ujorka (State) --- Niujorko valstija --- Niujorkas (State) --- Niorche (State) --- Њујорк (State) --- Njujork (State) --- Yancuīc York (State) --- ニューヨーク州 --- Nyū Yōku-shū --- ニューヨーク (State) --- Nyū Yōku (State) --- New York (Colony) --- Intellectual life --- Politics and government --- Colden, C.

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This Brief describes and analyzes flow and heat transport over a liquid-saturated porous bed. The porous bed is saturated by a liquid layer and heating takes place from a section of the bottom. The effect on flow patterns of heating from the bottom is shown by calculation, and when the heating is sufficiently strong, the flow is affected through the porous and upper liquid layers. Measurements of the heat transfer rate from the heated section confirm calculations. General heat transfer laws are developed for varying porous bed depths for applications to process industry needs, environmental sciences, and materials processing. Addressing a topic of considerable interest to the research community, the brief features an up-to-date literature review of mixed convection energy transport in fluid superposed porous layers.

Engineering. --- Thermodynamics. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Engineering --- Materials science. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Materials Engineering. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Materials. --- Heat --- Porous materials --- Convection. --- Transmission. --- Thermal properties. --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Convection of heat --- Energy transfer --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Engineering—Materials. --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Thermodynamics --- Transport theory --- Mechanical engineering

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