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This is the most in-depth analysis of inequality and social polarization ever attempted for a preindustrial society. Using data from the archives of the Venetian Terraferma, and compared with information available for elsewhere in Europe, Guido Alfani and Matteo Di Tullio demonstrate that the rise of the fiscal-military state served to increase economic inequality in the early modern period. Preindustrial fiscal systems tended to be regressive in nature, and increased post-tax inequality compared to pre-tax - in contrast to what we would assume is the case in contemporary societies. This led to greater and greater disparities in wealth, which were made worse still as taxes were collected almost entirely to fund war and defence rather than social welfare. Though focused on Old Regime Europe, Alfani and Di Tullio's findings speak to contemporary debates about the roots of inequality and social stratification.

History of Italy --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- Bergamo --- Padua --- Venice --- Verona --- Fiscal policy --- Income distribution --- Equality --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- History --- Government policy --- Venice (Italy) --- Economic conditions --- Economic history. --- Equality. --- Fiscal policy. --- Fiskalpolitik. --- Income distribution. --- Soziale Schichtung. --- Soziale Ungleichheit. --- Steuersystem. --- Vorindustrielle Gesellschaft. --- To 1797. --- Italien. --- Italy --- Venedig. --- History.

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In July 2012 historians and economists met in Paris for a conference entitled State Cash Resources and State Building in Europe: taxation and public debt, 13th-18th centuries. This volume is one of the products of that meeting. By making these essays available in both French and English translations, the editors hope to ensure a wide audience for an important set of contributions on questions relating to the development and management of public finance and its connection with the growth and power of the early modern state. Contributors were asked to consider three major themes in their essays: first, the choices that faced states seeking to raise funds and, in particular, questions of how to balance taxation and borrowing. Second, contributors were asked to explore the connections between political regime and finance. This included the much-explored question of whether particular regimes were more effective at raising funds and were viewed as more reliable borrowers but the essays also ask how the rights of creditors were enforced and how creditors monitored those to whom they lent money. The final theme concerned the primary and secondary markets in state debt and here the contributors focused on questions of liquidity, transparency and the skills of those who traded and manipulated the instruments of the state’s debt. The resulting essays offer a comparative perspective over six centuries of European history. Taken together they provide a rich new resource and challenge both the neat dichotomies that have been drawn between absolutist and constitutional states and entrenched ideas about how practice evolved and knowledge and skills were shared and transferred between actors and states.

History --- Economics (General) --- fiscalité --- trésorerie --- Europe --- monnaie --- Moyen Age --- Epoque moderne --- impôt --- emprunt --- public debt --- public finances --- tax policy

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Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1800-1999 --- anno 2000-2099 --- Europe

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"Cet ouvrage présente, dans une perspective comparatiste et sur la longue durée, les moyens de mobilisation des ressources publiques des Etats médiévaux et modernes, dont les besoins de fonds sont accrus par les guerres. Couvrant six siècles de l'histoire de l'Europe occidentale, les contributions étudient les transformations des méthodes de financement (émission monétaire, fiscalité, emprunt public à court ou long terme, forcé ou volontaire, vente d'offices) et les institutions, les acteurs, les marchés primaire et secondaire des titres de dette. Elles interrogent les modèles d'organisation politique et leurs interactions avec le drainage efficace de l'argent, la construction d'une information statistique, financière et fiscale et ses conséquences sur la prise de décision des gouvernants. Elles invitent à examiner l'impact des innovations financières, les différents modes d'anticipation des ressources et les effets macroéconomiques des mécanismes de mobilisation de la richesse privée. Elles explorent l'influence de déterminants tels que les dimensions spatiales des Etats, les régimes politiques, l'inégale distribution des richesses, l'utilisation du privilège, les différents degrés de risque imposés aux prêteurs, pour expliquer comment et pourquoi un mode de financement l'emporte ici et non ailleurs.--Page 4 of cover.

Finance, Public --- Finances publiques --- History --- Histoire --- Europe --- Europe. --- Economic policy --- Politics and government --- Politique économique --- Politique et gouvernement --- Economic policy. --- Finance, Public. --- Politics and government.