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Dissertation
Data Augmentation in Speech-to-Intent Systems
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen

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Abstract

Speech-to-intent systems detect spoken commands from a person and perform the right action in return. A good way to implement these systems is ASSIST. It maps a spoken command to a semantic frame that captures the intent of an utterance. The system is retrained in every new environment to avoid inconsistencies with problem-specific vocabulary. Four different models are proposed in ASSIST, namely RCCN, PCCN, encoder-decoder and NMF. The purpose of this thesis is to check whether data augmentation can improve the accuracy of each of the four models in ASSIST when few training utterances are available. Two different types of methods are proposed. The first type contains the model-driven methods. New features are created by speeding up/slowing down the original utterances and by adapting the way of how the signal is split up in different frames during the feature calculation. The second type is the FHVAE method. An FHVAE is a neural network model that encodes the input utterance in two latent vectors. One contains the within speaker variation and the other the between speaker variation. By perturbing one or both of the vectors a little bit and by reconstructing the utterance by passing through a decoder, new utterances can be created that differ a little bit from the original. Both model-driven methods give a significant improvement for all models of ASSIST except for RCCN. The best result is achieved with the combination of both techniques. PCCN benefits the most followed by NMF and encoder-decoder. FHVAE works best for PCCN and NMF. Both give a significant improvement compared to the original data when few training samples are available. For NMF, this is even significantly better than the combination of both model-driven methods. When more training data is available, the accuracy decreases to less than the value for the original data. The best results are obtained through perturbing the within speaker latent variance vector. RCCN and encoder-decoder do not give a significant improvement. RCCN does not benefit from data augmentation due to its attention layer. PCCN benefits the most because it was initially overfit. The simplicity and efficacy of the model-driven methods proves their usefulness. The FHVAE techniques are promising but not yet perfect. They suffer from a loss of information while passing an utterance through the FHVAE. Adaptations to the architecture of the FHVAE can further improve on this.

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Dissertation
Forecasting of a Solar Wind Classification using Convolutional Neural Networks

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Almost everyone has heard about the polar lights, the beautiful events often visible close to the North- and South Pole. Countries where the polar lights are visible are valued holiday destinations, with Norway and Canada as examples. Few people know that polar lights are only a small part of a more complicated story. They are a consequence of what is called "Space Weather", which is also the name of the field that studies the effect of the Sun on the Earth. Next to light and heat, there are other ways in which the Sun influences the Earth. At every moment in time, particles escape the Sun and are set on a voyage in space. This effect is reinforced by very intense eruptions happening now and then on the Sun by which an enormous stream of particles is erupted and accelerated towards the Earth. Luckily the Earth has a shield that protects us from most of those energetic particles. Sometimes however, the events are so big that particles are able to enter the atmosphere. One of the harmless consequences of this are polar lights, a beautiful spectacle on the night sky. Not all the consequences are harmless, though. Energetic particles ejected during these explosive events can cause problems to airplanes and on Earth communications and seriously damage satellites. This can result in vast economic damage. In order to prevent these problems, similarly to what happens for weather forecasting on Earth, scientists are trying to forecast Space Weather. The goal by doing this is to obtain a timely warning about when these space storms will hit the Earth. This would allow us to take countermeasures to reduce the economic damage. Forecasting the normal weather is already hard but Space Weather is even harder, due to the complexity of the physical phenomena involved. The goal of this thesis is to create a part of a model that is able to help such forecasts. It makes use of new techniques from Artificial Intelligence, which make it possible to single out cause-and-effect structures that would be hard to distinguish otherwise. Different information and setups of these techniques are tested in order to obtain the best possible forecast.

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