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For several decades now, the deep mixing method has been used for ground improvement works.A more recent application is the use of soil mix as structural elements for the construction of earth-water retaining structures and cut-off walls. Since 2000, due to the economic and environmental advantages of the method, these particular applications have shown an amazing growth. Nevertheless, in practice, no pragmatic standards or guidelines were available for the design, the execution, the quality control and the maintenance of this kind of applications. This is the reason why the present publication was initiated.The Handbook - Soil mix walls is based on existing literature and the knowledge and experiences of committee members, and includes an extensive description of the design and execution processes.It also establishes the link between the conditions of use (functional requirements), the design and the quality control of the final soil mix structure that is especially important in the construction of soil mix walls.Based on a large test campaign, a methodology is proposed for the design of the soil mix walls for which the interaction between steel and soil mix can possibly be taken into account dependent upon the application. Each potential function of the soil mix wall is described (e.g. earth retaining wall, cut-off wall, bearing capacity, etc.) and the temporary or permanent character of the application (its lifetime) is always considered. Furthermore, the design methodology presented in this handbook is in agreement with the Eurocodes.The Handbook - Soil mix walls also includes aspects such as the hydromechanical characterisation and the durability of the soil mix material, the interaction between steel and soil mix and the monitoring and quality control of soil mix structures. The purpose of this publication is to contribute to the realisation of soil mix walls of high quality and to minimise the risk of calamities or damage.This manual has been drawn up under the responsibility of a joint committee of SBRCURnet (the Netherlands) and the Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI, Belgium). There is a certain difference in the design approach between Belgium and the Netherlands. These differences are also discussed in this handbook. [Publisher]

Structural engineering --- Foundations --- Earth construction --- Technique de la construction. --- Fondations (construction) --- Construction en terre.

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Le soil mixing est une technique d’amélioration des sols qui consiste à mélanger le sol en
place avec un coulis de ciment ou n’importe quel autre liant hydraulique (chaux, laitier,
pouzzolane) afin d’en augmenter les propriétés mécaniques. C’est un important sujet de
recherche actuellement, car on assiste à une très grande croissance démographique qui nous
amène à devoir considérer des constructions sur des sols de moins en moins favorables. Un
avantage est aussi constaté du point de vue de l’empreinte écologique, car moins de ciment
est utilisé pour une même résistance globale et une réduction des émissions de CO2 liés à
la production de ciment est possible.
Dans ce travail de fin d’études, la possibilité de stabiliser les pentes instables à l’aide de
panneaux soil mix disposés parallèlement à la direction de plus grande pente sera un des
principaux sujets. Dans ce but, la résistance au cisaillement sera particulièrement étudiée,
car c’est un domaine où les informations manquent puisque le soil mix est principalement
utilisé à l’heure actuelle pour des structures de fondations en compression. Cette résistance
au cisaillement sera étudiée en fonction de deux paramètres. Le premier sera le rapport
ciment/sol et le second sera le rapport E/C du coulis qui est un paramètre indirect de la
porosité du sol (plus de porosité dans un sol saturé donne plus d’eau dans le mélange).
Ce travail sera divisé en trois parties :
• La première partie sera un état de l’art des différentes techniques d’amélioration des
sols qu’elles soient avec ou sans adjonction. Ensuite, un point particulier sera consacré
aux méthodes de soil mixing, leur historique, mise en place et études sur le sujet.
• La seconde, qui sera la principale partie de ce travail, se concentrera sur l’étude expérimentale
de la résistance du soil mix en regard des deux paramètres évoqués plus
haut. D’abord une méthodologie d’essai sera mise en place et nous choisirons différentes
compositions de mélanges. La pertinence de ces compositions sera jugée par
rapport aux résultats d’essais de compressions simples qui permettront de voir que
nous sommes bien dans les valeurs habituelles attendues du soil mix. Ces compositions
seront ou non adaptées en amont de la deuxième phase d’essais qui sera elle
consacrée à l’étude en elle-même des propriétés en cisaillement des différentes compositions
et à la variabilité des résultats à l’intérieur même d’une composition.
• La troisième partie sera d’appliquer les résultats obtenus à une version idéalisée d’un
cas pratique étudié en Flandre où des panneaux de soil mix parallèles à la pente ont
été utilisés pour stabiliser un lit de rivière. Nous appliquerons nos nouvelles connaissances
en résistance en cisaillement ainsi qu’une approche simplifiée pouvant servir de
pré-étude en lieu et place de simulations par éléments finis.
La conclusion de ce travail devrait nous aider à avoir plus confiance dans les propriétés du
soil mix en cisaillement et nous aider à dévellopper des méthodes d’analyse pour un type
de stabilisation de pente à l’aide de panneaux soil mix. Soil mixing is a technique of ground improvement consisting in mixing soil with either cement
grout or another binder to enhance its properties. It is an important research subject
nowadays, because of the exponential population growth. Which leads to an ever less good
quality soil to build on and also because of the global interest into reducing ecological footprint
and carbon dioxide which leads to focus on the possibility to reduce our concrete
consumption.
In this Master Thesis we will study the possibility to stabilize unstable slopes by using soil
mix panels parallel to the direction of greatest slope. The main focus is thus to study the
shear resistance of this material which is a field where the informations are scarce since soil
mixing is almost exclusively used for structures in compression and there is a lack of data
about the behaviour in shear. The shear resistance will be studied depending on various
parameters. Here we will study the cement/soil proportion and the E/C report (and thus
indirectly the soil porosity if we suppose the soil to be saturated).
This work will be divided into three parts :
• The first part will be a review of the litterature and a state of the art of the different
soil enhancement techniques. This is meant to give us a better understanding of the
place of soil mix and everything it is capable of.
• The second part which is the main one will be to study the parameters realizing sample
varying the two studied parameters and collecting the results to understand the parametric
behaviour. At first a test methodology will have to be established and different
receipes will be tested through uniaxial compression test. Then they will probably be
adapted to be as representative as possible of the soil mix that is usually put in place
in practice. When receipe are fixed an experimental campaign for various parameter
changes and different maturity is conducted to extract the parametric behaviour of
the material in shear.
• The last part will be to simulate numerically the behaviour of an idealized version
of a practical case in Flanders where they used soil mix panels in shear to stabilize
a riverbed. We will thus apply our new knowledge of soil mix in shear to verify the
relevance of this solution and the possible improvements in the composition or design
as well as the possibility to predict shear resistance wth compression test. Sensitivity
to errors in cement preparation (cement/soil ratio) and soil properties (porosity) can
also be studied.
The conclusion of this work should help us getting more confidence about the precision
obtained on the characteristics of in-situ soil mixing structures in shear as well as develop
design technique for one of its main usage in slope stabilization.

Soil Mixing slope stabilization --- stabilisation pente --- shear cisaillement --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile